A Definition Of Postnatal Depression Nursing Essay

A Definition Of Postnatal impression Nursing EssayOne of the prime factors is considered to be the sudden postpartum drop in progesterone take aims in the post partum days. (Nappi et al 2001) The placenta is liable for the vast majority of circulating progesterone during pregnancy and its delivery is efficaciously responsible for the precipitate drop in levels post partum.There may also be other related hormonal changes including the fluctuations in prolactin levels (Hendrick et al 1998) and f completelying oestrogen and cortisol levels. (Halari et al. 2004)Symptoms can initially let in irritability, tearfulness, insomnia, hypochondriasis, headache and impairment of concentration. There is a maximal incidence of these symptoms on about the fifth post partum day and these can progress to frump depressive symptoms over a variable period. (Ramsay et al 1995). There argon conglomerate tools that can be used to measure the degree of first gear and these implicate the Edinburgh p ostpartum imprint scale,(Cox et al 1987), The Stein scale for maternity blues, (Stein 1980) and the Beck depression rating list. (Beck et al 1961)Key issues affecting vulnerable patientsThere watch been a number of studies that look at the effectiveness of treatment of postpartum depression. One of the most new-fangled publications (Dennis 2005) provides a meta-analysis of the factors which influence the outcome in the condition. The author concluded that the only strategy that was shown to slang a put one over preventative effect was intensive post-partum shop at from the health care professionals involved in the illustration. Curiously, this was found to be more than effective than similar political sciences which included an ante-natal percentage as well.The morbidity associated with postnatal depression has a number of effectiveness consequences not only for the mother, but also the child and the rest of the family as well. (Oakley et al 1996)One of the most probato ry is the fact that one sequel of postnatal depression is the greatest predictor (or jeopardize factor) for another succession after subsequent pregnancies. The children are likely to have difficulties because of possible problems with bonding and the mothers possible negative perceptions of the behaviour of the children. (Cooper Murray 1997)Some studies have shown that mothers with postnatal depression have derived beneficial help from social support during pregnancy. (Ray et al 2000). It would hence appear that the key issues in this area are identification of the prophetical factors that make postnatal depression more likely and then the prep of prompt supportive measures if those factors are established.Local resources for supportApart from the more traditional resources of the primary healthcare team of the General arrange the accoucheuse and the health Visitor, some centres have tried experiments with postnatal support role player provision (Morrell 2000). This part icular claim found that the patients found an high level of satisfaction with the value but no more so than with the go provided by the rest of the primary healthcare team. Analysis of the results showed that the postnatal support worker helped to achieve higher levels of breast feeding, but had little uphold on the severity or frequency of postnatal depression.One significant factor that was found, however, was that support from a partner was a significant overconfident factor in preventing severe postnatal depression.communicating strategiesSeveral recent studies have shown that healthcare professionals ofttimes fail to spot the signs of postnatal depression. (Bick et al 1995). Making the diagnosis is obviously the prerequisite of establishing a treatment regime so it is clearly vital for all healthcare professionals to be on their guard for warning signs sleep disturbance, irritability, mood swings and irrationality. (Ramsay et al 1995)Reflection and broody practice is a vital part of effective nursing. (Gibbs 1998) . Each healthcare professional should ideally reflect upon their management of each individual case to decide whether they were communicating optimally with the patient and that they were fully receptive to all that was on the patients agenda. Communication is a two-way modality.Bulman (et al.2004) points to the need to understand, at a deeper level, just what it is the message that the patient is taking away from any interaction. Communication is therefore vital in the strategy to empower and educate the vulnerable patient.Role of accoucheuse and Health VisitorThe new mother is often at the centre of an emotional rollercoaster. The sudden culmination of nine months of candidate results (frequently) in a flurry of support from healthcare professionals and family, which then cursorily evaporates and the mother is left to deal with the new situation which is frequently stressful. (Kitzman et al 1997)The midwife can obviously help by prepa ring the ground in the antenatal period and offering support in the immediate postnatal period. (Dennis 2005). The health visitor is probably better placed to be witting of any developing warning signals that postnatal depression is developing, as they are likely to be in contact with the patient during the high risk period. (Cooper Murray 1995).It has been suggested that encouragement of the mother to attend the health visitor clinic rather than to have home visits is a positive way of encouraging social inclusion. (Seeley et al 1996)Studies which have looked at the cost-effectiveness of using community postnatal support service workers have shown no benefit over the more traditional midwife and Health Visitor support. (Morrell et al 2000)Back to Essay ExamplesReferencesAffonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ. 2000 An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology. J Psychosom Res 200049 207-16.Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Baugh J. 1961 An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen psychological medicine 19614561-71.Bick D, MacArthur C. 1995 The extent, severity and effect of health problems after childbirth. Br J Midwifery 1995 3 27-31Bulman Schultz 2004 Reflective Practice in Nursing The Growth of the Professional Practitioner Third reading Edited By CHRIS BULMAN, School of Health Care, Oxford Brookes University SUE SCHUTZ, Oxford Brookes University 2004Cooper Murra 1995 gradation and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept The British daybook of Psychiatry 166 191-195 (1995)Cooper P, Murray L. 1997 Prediction, detection, and treatment of postnatal depression. Arch Dis Child 199777 97-9Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. 1987 Detection of post-natal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh post-natal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987150782-6.Dennis C-L. 2005 Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression system atic surveil BMJ, Jul 2005 331 15.Gibbs, G (1998) breeding by doing A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1998Halari, V. Kumari, R. Mehrotra, M. Wheeler, M. Hines, and T. Sharma 2004 The Relationship of Sex Hormones and Cortisol with Cognitive functioning in Schizophrenia J Psychopharmacol, September 1, 2004 18(3) 366 374.Hendrick, L. L. Altshuler, and R. Suri 1998 Hormonal Changes in the postpartum and Implications for Postpartum Depression Psychosomatics, April 1, 1998 39(2) 93 101Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR, Hanks C, Cole R, Tatelbaum R, et al. L 1997 Effect of antenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childishness injuries, and repeated childbearing. JAMA 1997 278 644-652Nappi, F. Petraglia, S. Luisi, F. Polatti, C. Farina, and A. R. Genazzani 2001 Serum Allopregnanolone in Women With Postpartum Blues Obstet. Gynecol., January 1, 2001 97(1) 77 80.Oakley A, pimple D, Rajan L. 1996 Social support in pregnancy does it have long-term effect? J Reprod Infant Psychol 1996 14 7-22.Oates MR, Cox JL, Neema S, Asten P, Glangeaud-Freudenthal N, Figueiredo B, et al. 2004 Postnatal depression crossways countries and cultures a qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 200446 s10-6.OHara M, companion A. 1996 Rates and risk of postpartum depressiona meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 19968 37-54.Ramsay. R and T. Fahy 1995 Recent Advances Psychiatry BMJ, July 15, 1995 311(6998) 167 170.Ray KL, Hodnett ED. 2000 Caregiver support for postpartum depression. In Cochrane Collaboration,ed. Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford Update Software, 2000.Seeley S, Murray L, Cooper PJ. 1996 The outcome for mothers and babies of health visitor intervention. 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