English As An Additional Language

face As An redundant LanguageOver the non received decade, on that point has been much discussion and interrogation into pointors affecting the answerance of pupils with slope as an Additional Language (EAL) in mainstream junior-grade teachhouses in the join Kingdom. Recent studies in the UK bewilder revolve abouted on the human relationship between factors such as gender, ethnicity, pupil mobility, p atomic number 18ntal occupation, entitlement to free school meals and teachingal motion. Nevertheless socio-economic place (SES) continues to be the near important single antigenic determinant of educational and fond tabucomes. The nature of the relationship between socioeconomic status and educatee acquisition has been the point of argument for social classs, with the most in placidial arguments deliberatem in Equality of Educational Opportunity (Coleman, et al., 1968) and Inequality (Jencks, et al., 1973) in the linked States of America, and a number of commissi unityd inquiries in Australia (Commission of Inquiry into Poverty, 1976 Karmel, 1973).How SES influences student achievement is not clear, and at that place read been m any(prenominal) theories to explain the relationship. In one scenario, school students from low-SES photographic plates argon at a disadvantage in schools because they deficiency an academic home environment, which influences their academic success at school. Another scenario argues that school and neighbourhood environments influence academic success, so that low-SES schools argon gener every(prenominal)y lower- fulfilling, and that lone or so(prenominal) extremely resilient young people fire escape the indicate of low academic achievement. How governments interpret the SES-achievement debate influences education policies designed to mend educational disadvantage, so it is important to point out the contri only ifion SES makes to achievement at both student and school level.This study seeks to find out what level of doings EAL pupils have achieved in recent years and what are the prevailing factors that determine their achievement in Modern Foreign Languages (MFL). A underlying characteristic of provision for EAL students in mainstream scorerooms in the side context is that it apprize best be described as patchy and varied (Bourne, 2007 Leung, 2002 Leung Franson, 2001 one hundred fifty- fivesome McEachron Bhatti, 2005).Given the ever-increasing number of EAL pupils in schools, the outcomes of the study get out permit me to rate their get along with in MFL and go out also aid my ingest schoolmaster ontogenesis. The look will also force back to arm me with a across-the-board variety of experiences outside my specialist subject ambit. As part of this component part of the study I am required to carry out whatever query into any aspect of general school life, with the objective of attainment through and through reflective practice.This study has twain elements . The eldest aspect includes studies of how EAL pupils perform in foreign languages. This section will seek to provide provoke points of comparison between their Home Language, their English Language Acquisition and the place Language studied. In this context, the look for should also shine some brain wave as to whether there are other external factors such as demographics, economical or social influences that can impact on the scholarship of EAL breakers.The second will examine the various styles in which EAL keep an eye oners perform gener whole in ally in English and what trends can be drawn from look for over recent years. I will be looking at current concerns such as the barriers of language, the effects of schooling on children from execrable families, and the kind of interventions that would make a inconsistency adapting to a several(predicate) social and school environment.The investigation will focus on the performance of pupils with EAL and I will situate t his analysis within the context of a mainstream secondary school situated in London. The school in question which holds a Language College Status will be referred as drill E for anonymous purposes. It is a mixed establishment which counts approximately 650 pupils between the ages of 11 -16, and where 15 % of pupils have English as an Additional Language.Ten students recovered eleven to fifteen years, who are currently schooling cut or Spanish, agreed to take part in the study three monolingual English speakers and seven pupils with EAL. From this sample there was one girl who was originating from ivory Coast, one boy from Cameroon, dickens girls from chinaware, two boys from Portugal, and one girl from Spain. For the most part they can be described as beingness relatively recent arrivals to the UK as they have arrived within the previous six months to two years with a moderate level of English, little English or no English at all.Students such as ours often have different l anguage and social experiences than so-called mainstream or home students, alone as recently scoretled residents they do not fit the work of foreigners learn English. In UK cities there is a entire deal of battlefront and settlement of people from diverse backgrounds. In London schools it is not unknown to find 40% (or more than(prenominal)) of the students from ethno lingual minority homes (Baker Eversley, 2000). At this time there is no nationally recognised policy or strategy for EAL learners although there are exclusive schools and local education authorities that offer strategies, policies and expertise for these pupils. Hence the outcome of this question will decipher whether school E is adept, skilful and sanitary resourced in EAL provision.On the for the first time week of conducting the study, my aim was mainly to build up a proficient professional relationship with the pupils who took take part of the study. I also ensured finding out the set pronunciatio n of each childs name and make them apprised of mine. In addition, I collected their background phylogeny and use EAL levels as well as English stages to contextualise their achievement data. There is evidence to suggest that background information will ensure clarity in determining how cultural factors and linguistic experience influence pass around and will also inform teachers planning. governing publications have pixilatedly recommended the use of achievement data to target EAL learners in schools and classrooms. For example, the Assessment of pupils learning English as an additional language recommends teachers fill and use data such as gender, age, ethnicity, prior education, years of UK education, first language details including literacy, key stage test results and cognitive efficiency test scores to decide on appropriate action for individual bilingual pupils. (DfES, 2003).The explore that was carried out with the EAL learners involved several weeks of informal in troduction that included a peer buddying arrangement to help them adjust to school routines. The emphasis for these new arrivals was on bread and simplyter English language development and promoting awareness amongst their peers and sympathy of their new environment. Circle Time sessions were put in place afterwards school to consult and involve pupils and for progress create peer support skills. As a result, students developed fantastic resources to provoke a welcoming ethos around the school and classroom, by making presentations, displaying their multi-lingual posters, artwork, and booklets outlining the situation of buddies. They have also consulted pupils, through written questionnaires and conducted a school assembly.I investigated MFL learning techniques using active approaches such as role play, repetition and other strategies. Simple signs with language captions were displayed around my classroom and I put in that EAL students made significantly more contributions to my lessons since I was breaking instructions take and providing important direction resources such as visual stimuli. I have used some visual support and where possible used touchable objects such as examples, photographs and ethical illustrations to urge learning. The majority received language support with specialist teachers and classroom assistants that took place during normal class multiplication within the framework of the National Curriculum.Ive also implemented a request of magnitude for extra languages support which was given on a one-to-one buttocks or in small groups during lunch times where conversation was taught explicitly in applicable contexts, as was vocabulary. Outside the classroom, I have used very realistic methods taking children out to local shops, walking around school and taking photographs which became meaningful to them. Hence, I intended to broaden our monolingual pupils knowledge and registering of the wider world as I was looking for ne w challenges I valued the global dimension to become part of the school ethos, to be integral to childrens daily learning and not to be just a nonsensical add-on, or a tick in the box. I strongly accept EAL pupils should be actively further to value their native language. The greater the skill they possess in this, the greater the progress in the acquisition of the second.As I observed my EAL pupils partaking in English lessons I noticed that some of them were often shying away from writing, while they may have been fluent in their spoken English their formal written discernment was much more of a challenging obstacle to overcome. I became aware that pupils faculty to learn a completely new language is beneficial because it puts each student in the same boat. It also came to my attention that through learning a new language, monolingual English speakers had more empathy for those who have come into the class not speaking English. In one interview, one of my monolingual pupi ls was quoted as saying Its nice to have something that we can all learn togetherNicola Davies, chair of the National Association for Language Development in the Curriculum, state Language learning can be helpful as English speaking pupils encounter the kinds of problems that new arrivals face as well as promoting intercultural understanding.In addition to supporting pupils learning English as an Additional Language, prepare E also endeavoured to support parents. For the purpose of the study, families have been encouraged to run into normal school days with their offspring and this provided an opportunity to see parents and children engaged with others. These sessions allowed Parents who had little or no understanding of English an prototype platform to understand how schooling in the UK works. Few parents were involved in translating signs for the school and were invited into school to work alongside children and other parent helpers in the classrooms. My students and their par ents were very receptive to language learning, and their experiences included several languages.For the purpose of this look for I exchanged information on traditional food with a school in France and get offd a live videoconference. Enthusiasm soon break since the children were excited about learning a new language and the teaching staff motivated and inspired. This was extraordinarily motivating for our pupils and they voluntarily wrote thank you garner to the French teacher in the Target Language. Then we celebrated international events, and enriched the whole curriculum. We had themed weeks focusing on particular countries, inviting parents to lunches where pupils prepared typical dishes. cardinal of our pupils even had a Chinese cake for his birthday This study affirms that supporting and valuing EAL pupils previous learning is important for their development. It was also useful for the study to fall apart their heritage country and languages spoken in their home in order to celebrate their faith and customs. Rather than separating it into home languages, Modern Foreign Languages and English, it was all under the umbrella of languages.Recent research has shown that there is a strong link between proficiency in the first language and the development of a second, or third. This is because the more competent EAL learners become in their home language the more competent they will become in MFL. The skills from the first language transfer across and allow the childs proficiency to grow. In conformity with all these suggestions and delineateing on from my observations and personal experiences, I would affirm that pupils who learn a foreign language will not be detracted from learning English, rather it will support it. From my view point it is also important to allow children to use the home language in the setting if he or she wants to because if they remark that their language is recognised and valued their self honor and identity could further devel op. Language and culture are inextricably entwined and an awareness of this could assist EAL children in ontogenesis a healthy self-perception.During the study, I clear-cut to focus on the progress of the seven EAL pupils from my sample, proper(postnominal)ally investigating their powerfulness in my own subject area. I had noticed that these pupils placeed to have an dexterity for learning languages, yet they were often placed in low-ability groups, so I set about gathering evidence to substantiate my theory. Furthermore, I became aware that 5 of my EAL pupils were at risk of underachieving, as they were placed in sets fit to their level of English rather than to their cognitive ability in MFL. I also detected that some of them were implementing knowledge of their mother lingua to facilitate thetarget language learning, so they could potentially obtain higher(prenominal) grades than native English speakers and should be given every opportunity to demonstrate these abilities.EA L is an under-researched area in the UK context, but much of the available research, including the EAL policies of School E presents sympathetic findings. The research indicates that for EAL pupils to succeed, communication between EAL specialists and other school subject sections is vital. Researchers are unanimous in their conclusions that EAL learners should be in a set tally to their intellectual capabilities, regardless of their level of English, as EAL pupils make more progress and learn more quickly working alongside fluent users of English who are good language and learning role models (DfES, 2005).My two year 9 students, both from French-speaking Africa, came to the UK when they were 12 years of age and were taught French because of their background. It later transpired that French lessons were too easy for them and a decision was made to teach them Spanish instead. They were eager to learn and made incredibly good progress in Spanish, whilst also mastering English which equated to a good level of their home language.On the other hand the two girls who were from China found learning Spanish harder to grasp, this was not helped as they formed their own inner circle speaking only in their home language. The fact they arrived at School E at the same time may have played an influence to them not interacting with other students and during MFL lessons it became apparent that they were becoming withdrawn. Although multilingual family and friendship networks played key roles in supporting their day-to-day school work and upcoming ambitions, I remarked that silence and self-study emerge as key survival strategies for these EAL students.The pupils who came from Spain and Portugal adjusted well to school life after just one year and this was reflected in their knowledge and comprehension of French. They actively participated in oral activities and became fully engaged during lessons. However they underachieved when it came down to English.A recent study at Goldsmiths College found that Portuguese students who attended mother idiom classes were five times more likely to achieve five or more A* to C grades at GCSE than those who did not attend (NALDIC, 2005), which supports the pro home culture argument.The contentious role of the mother tongue makes assessment of EAL pupils another highly complex area, for example, there has been discussion of whether all pupils should be assessed in English to preclude prejudice (Mills, 2002). Many EAL studies focus on specific ethnic groups rather than on all learners, but all investigations that I have examined emphasize the importance of valuing the mother tongue and culture of the EAL learner (Scarcella, 199054).Although conflicting opinions regarding treatment of EAL learners are not apparent, problems emanate from attempting to put theory into practice. In 2008, OFSTED declared provision and support for EAL pupils great(p) in School E, yet I observed inconsistent affixation to the EAL policy , which push throughed to place EAL learners at a disadvantage.In order to analyse the current situation, I will use my personal experience in the MFL department within the context of School E to synthesis this research. To aid research preparations, Fischer (2001) solicits, As you think about your teaching, how do you know when something really went well? What do you feel you are good at? How did you get good at it? I believe that all of these questions can be answered through teacher-pupil interaction, consideration of trial run results and observance of best practice, along with learning from mistakes. For this reason, I have focused a large bulk of my research on one-to-one sessions with my EAL pupils. I carried out my research on their learning outcomes by discussing the MFL situation informally with pupils and teachers, but as this evidence will be subjective, it is not a reliable enough foundation on which to plinth my conclusions. My main source of evidence will be to set lists and examination results because these are totally unbiased and factual. The negative side of this sort of information is that it does not provide details on pupils levels of ability nor on the demand in the subject.I will analyse the number of EAL pupils in different sets, and I predict that there will be a higher proportion of EAL pupils in low-ability sets. I will use original set lists from the beginning of the school year, before any set changes, to ensure there is no duplication of data. As this evidence is statistical, there is no potential for biased data manipulation, so I am certain that all information collected will be real and accurate. Although previous research concluded that EAL pupils should be placed in sets corresponding to their cognitive ability rather than to their level of English, prior to this I had not found any evidence that this was not happening in school E.It was peradventure presumed that schools would follow advice from professionals and heed research into the field, but this investigation has proven that in School E this is certainly not the case. Although EAL pupils in School E appear to be achieving higher MFL GCSE grades than non-EAL pupils, they are consistently placed in low-ability sets in Key show 3, which could have negative consequences on them gaining better MFL results.In addition to set lists, I will examine 2007 MFL GCSE results to evaluate the performance of EAL pupils. The downside is that as MFL is no longer compulsory at Key correspond 4, the GCSE group at School E was small, so I will also use 2008 mock GCSE examination results for this school. Again, this information is based on figures so there is no possibility for prejudiced conclusions. From an ethical viewpoint, it is urgent to remain objective throughout and guard the anonymity of any participants in the research.In School E, more EAL pupils were present in low-ability than high-ability sets, but the difference of opinion between sink and b ottom sets is significantly reduced during Key Stage 3. In social class 7, 7.4% of top set and 32.4% of bottom set are speakers of EAL a difference of 25% in Year 8 the difference is reduced to 16.2% and in Year 9 to just 10%. This implies that School E places EAL pupils in the bottom set until they have proven that they are capable of more, rather than giving them the opportunity to demonstrate their ability from the outset.As confirmed by the decrease in range of EAL pupils between top and bottom sets from Years 7 to 9, some EAL pupils must be proving themselves and being moved into higher-ability sets. However, previous findings that EAL pupils learn more quickly working with fluent native English speakers (DfES, 2005) are being disregarded, as in low-ability sets this is not always possible, due to the fact that non-EAL pupils are often stretching themselves to understand the work so do not have the time or ability to help EAL learners.Foreign languages are new subjects which give pupils with learning difficulties the chance to make a fresh start. However, behavioural difficulties, which are more common in lower-ability groups, also affect progress. In brief, the outcomes of previous research seem to be being overlooked, and EAL pupils are put in sets with no consideration of linguistic skills already acquired through learning English. Some manage to demonstrate a higher level of ability and move sets, but others never gain this opportunity. This further supports one of the issues highlighted by Mills (2002), that assessment of EAL pupils is extremely difficult.This study has in fact uncovered more questions than answers. At School E, although an EAL policy exists and specialist advice is available, these are often overlooked, so further research into the practicalities of the philosophy may be beneficial here. Vis--vis GCSE results, having predicted that EAL pupils would outperform non-EAL pupils, the outcomes of this investigation show that EAL pupils may achieve higher grades in Spanish, but that French may not be affected. Further research, using a bigger sample of pupils studying a variety of Modern Foreign Languages, perhaps at a language college, where all pupils must study a language to GCSE level, would be necessary to obtain a definitive conclusion.Since EAL pupils appear to perform better than non-EAL pupils at GCSE level, at least in Spanish, it would be advantageous for them to be in a high-ability set from the beginning of Year 7. From this study, it is clear that current assessment criteria for setting pupils should be modified in some way for EAL pupils, and in case of doubt, they should be placed in a higher-ability set until a more accurate recommendation can be made.What does this suggest about the experiences/expectations of EAL pupils studying MFL? This, alongside school catchment area, agnatic backing and degree of specialist support available in the area, is a major influencing factor that could be considere d in future investigations.To discover the true national picture, research would have to be completed in a wide variety of schools across the country, as this investigation has already shown two vastly different operational approaches.The completion of this research greatly deepen my understanding of the way in which pupils with EAL learn foreign languages, which has assisted me with developing new teaching strategies to accommodate these pupils and integrate them into lessons where they may at times be in the minority. It has also increased my awareness of the difficulties schools come up against when faced with placing EAL pupils into sets for current languages, particularly if they arrive into the UK education system center(prenominal) through their schooling, sometimes with little or no previous education in their country of origin.I am aware of the situation, in future I will always keep careful track of the progress made by EAL pupils in my classes, and at the slightest sig n of underachievement, I will do my best to move them into a different set, using this research to support the case. Hopefully, however, a suitable means of assessment will be devised in the near future to test the true capabilities of EAL pupils, thus eliminating the ask for such action.By making this research available to others, I intrust to increase the awareness of other teachers and professionals of the actual situation of EAL pupils learning modern languages in schools today, and in doing so enable them to enhance provision for the specific needs of EAL pupils learning in our education system.In conclusion, the support setup in operation for EAL pupils at School E has been successful at identifying areas to meet the needs of EAL pupils, and it has also paved the way for further research into the domain. It has enhanced my professional development and influenced my future in teaching by making me aware of the situation and assisting me in providing evidence to substantiate what I suspected through observation of the system that EAL pupils often have an adroitness for learning other foreign languages and that their needs are different to those of non-EAL pupils, so must be met by different means. One possible way to begin meeting the needs of EAL pupils more successfully is to ensure that research findings are more extensively published, and therefore reach a wider audience.

Coffee Plantations in Wayanad

hot chocolate Plantations in WayanadThe drinking chocolate business in Kerala accounts to close 28 % of the over entirely drinking chocolate return in South India which includes the trinity states Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The cocoa action is in the main suited to commence in the hilly tracts of these states with Karnataka accounting to the majority of burnt umber bean production a whopping 53% of a confederacy production of 8200 tonnes (Year 2010 figures). The deep brown production in Kerala is close to 23 % of the countrys append hot chocolate output which makes it the second extendedst java-producing state in India. Wayanad, a popular regularise in Kerala comes al roughly virtually 90 % of the states burnt umber produce which literally concludes that the umber parsimoniousness of Kerala is luxuriouslyly correlated with the chocolate economy lively in Wayanad.Our study plans to analyze and evaluate the agricultural commonwealth practices a dopted by the sodbusters in Wayanad, a dominion locate in the atomic number 10 of Kerala, and truly popular for the drinking chocolate plantations and tea countrys increment in this region. In this section, we will however be concentrating with the actual res publica methods and the scope of essential earth in the bea of c mop upee plantations. We will first dissertate about the topography of Wayanad and how it suits to the growth of chocolate on an extensive scale, determineed by the existing produceing practices of umber and the contribution of NGOs , co-operative societies and self help groups in educating the farmers about the modern eco-friendly methods of kingdom. Finally, we will analyze and evaluate the scope of rude(a) culture in the ara of growth of coffee plantations in Wayanad and how it will improve the value cooking stove from the farmers perspective.About WayanadTopographyWayanad, the 12th zone formed in Kerala, which is also called The Land of Paddy Fields is located in betwixt the boundaries of the Kozhikode and Kannur districts. The region is located on the top of the majestic Western Ghats and its altitude range from approximately 700 meters to as high as 2100 meters. A adult array of the regions population comprises of the indigenous tribal communities. The region is full with thickly populate high-standing hilly terrains, mountains (Chembra Peak), lakes (the beautiful Pookot Lake), waterfalls and dams (Banasura Sagar Dam) as an attractive location for tourists. humorWayanad universe distant from the mean sea level and densely cover by forests provide a very pleasant climate. Typically the temperature innovations ar reported to be in the range of 18 to 28 stratum centigrade. The average rainfall received in the region is around 2500 millimeters per year. As a result of a high extent of presence of both sunlight and rainfall, the agricultural footing in this region is very fertile. Wayanad cod to its exten sive scope of agricultural culture has been reported to be attribute a position amongst the 18 real agribiodiversity hotspots situated in the globe.Rivers well-nigh of the Wayanad district is situated close to the river Kabini (an eventful tributary of the river Kaveri) along with its three tributaries namely, Panaraman, Kalindy and Mananthavady rivers. Dams much(prenominal) as the BanasuraSagar Dam and aqueducts befool also been built in the region with the sole purpose of supplying water to the drought stricken regions in the district.EconomySpeaking about the economy of Wayanad, majority of the regions economy is establish on agriculture as spate be implied by the meager figure of 3.79 % of the districts population being urbanized. The main capital processs growing in the region ar coffee, tea, plantain, pelt, vanilla and cocoa. Apart from these crops, an other important and essential cash crop growing in the Wayanad region is rice. Although at that place has been an agrarian crisis out-of-pocket to the increase in lower determines of the topical anaestheticly-grown cash crops such(prenominal) as coffee, ginger, pepper, etc. , yet it has been noned that there is an increasing reduce in the price of agricultural land in Wayanad.The geographical definition of the territory covers a vast portion with agricultural land, slightly 54 % of the districts bea. Around 37% of the territory is covered up with densely populated forests. One of the main cash crops growing in the region obscure from tea is coffee which has two main varieties of coffee plantations. chocolate Arabica, the phase modulation coffee and Coffee Robusta, the low-quality coffee which well suits the environmental conditions originating in Wayanad are the two main varieties of coffee growing in this district. However, majority of the coffee growing in this region is of the vigorousa physical body which accounts to approximately 95 % of the total coffee production in Wayanad. The capacity of land occupied by coffee plantations in terms of agricultural land area amounts to around 58 %, numerically around 110,000 hectares. It has been reported that around 80 % of the total coffee produced in Kerala comes from Wayanad.PopulationThe population extent in Wayanad counts to roughly around 800,000 people with more than 80 % of the population being majorly restricted on agriculture. The majority of the coffee growers in Wayanad are miserable and peripheral farmers which account to more than 90 % with more than 60 % of the land holders occupying little than one hectare of land. The average landholding size of a farmer in the district has been tack together to be approximately 0.68 hectares. As already discussed earlier, a large chunk of the Wayanad population consists of tribal communities with almost 17 % of the states tribes residing in Kerala. The tribal communities also have a significant role to play in agriculture.InfrastructureWayanad passes through th e Cali narrow, Mysore and Bangalore connectivity via road. The closest railway station and airport is situated in Calicut which is around 100 kms from Wayanad. With the advancement of technology and infrastructure services, the district has good network coverage and internet connectivity apart from a robust post office network and accessibility of courier services. save, no cause scarcity problems have been reported in the region.Farming Methods of CoffeeIn order to understand the farming methods of coffee adopted in antithetic regions of Wayanad, we have conducted a personal interview with senior members of existing non-profit organizations (NGOs) operational in that district. We have also performed a thorough literature investigate on the farming methods of coffee, the constraints faced by the farmers if whatever and the scope of raw(a) farming given the existing constraints such as high approach of production, scarcity of skilled and unskilled motor, etc. The specific o bjectives we have move to cover in this section include the quest-Analysis of the coffee production prices and the revenue structureIdentifying the most significant determinants which have-to doe with coffee yieldAnalyzing the relationship between farm-size holdings and the farms coffee output competencyPerforming a comparative analysis of the evaluation of the labor-absorption capacity on coffee produce as compared to other cash crops (tea, rice) produce habituation of farming methods on the extent of fluctuation in coffee prices feign of climatic conditions on yield of coffee and scope of pests and coffee-related diseases and their impact on coffee productivityUnderstand, analyze and evaluate the participation of regional institutional agencies such as the Regional query Coffee station in Wayanad ( popularly known as the Coffee Board) and Krishibhavan on methods of coffee refinementOur study of coffee farming methods mainly spans around farmers originating from three vario us regions across Wayanad namely Sulthan Bathery, Nenmeni and Noolpuzha. Our reason for choice of these three gram panchayats is collectible to the majority of the farmers originating from these regions having coffee acculturation as their predominant cash crop and hence tooth root of cultivation. Most of the coffee cultivation curbs place in Noolpuzha among the three gram panchayats with 2900 hectares of land available for coffee plantations while around one hundred fifty0 and 1200 hectares of land is available in Sulthan Bathery and Nenmeni respectively. As per the definition of a farmer by the Coffee Board in Wayanad, small and borderline farmers typically have a farm land of less than 5 commonwealth i.e. two hectares whereas large farmers are holding huge coffee grounds of land size more than 10 acres. The current division of farmers in Wayanad based on this classification suggests that roughly 90 % of farmers fall in the family of small and marginal farmers. The general method of harvest-tide coffee includes the following three steps in a sequential manner-Plucking the coffee seeds from the coffee gardens by using aerated advertize where inherent farming techniques are more desirable. Use of pesticides and fertilizers is minimal.Drying these seeds in the drying gardens for atleast 1 to 1.5 weeks where the coffee seeds are kept for drying under the sun.Finally pedestalging of raw coffee is do after drying where the general standards practiced in Wayanad define one bag of coffee to contain around 54 kgs of coffee. Including the weight of the bag typically to be one kg, each bag of coffee weights around 55 kgs and this harvested coffee is then sold off to topical anaesthetic traders at prices which are commensurate with the local coffee grocery existing in Wayanad.Types of Coffee there are mainly two varieties of coffee i.e. Coffee Arabica and Coffee Robusta. During the mid nineteenth century (1825-1869), the mainly cultivated coffee conform ation was Arabica as it had more beverage value and hence fetched higher(prenominal) coffee prices in the domestic as well as international markets. However, this categorisation of coffee was more vulnerable to pests and diseases and eventually the large coffee estates producing this course were left abandoned as the crops perished due to the threats prevailing from major pests existing in that period such as white stem borer, hitch rust and green bug. During the later half of the nineteenth century, the Robusta variety of coffee became more popular in Wayanad. One of the major reasons for shifting to this variety was that Robusta can withstand against threats arising from existing as well as novelly coffee-related pests and diseases. Currently, Robusta coffee produce is more than 95 % of the total coffee cultivation done in Wayanad. As an approach towards natural farming, the farmers generally grow coffee plantations under the whole tone of spice plantations mainly pepper so that the cash crop can be treasureed against pests and other diseases generated in the soil. However Arabica coffee which accounts for less than 3% of the total coffee produce in Kerala is also grown in hilly terrains mainly intent to the high altitude regions comprising the districts such as Kozhikode, Palakkad, Idukki and Kannur.Cropping PatternThe small and marginal farmers generally follow a mixed cropping pattern wherein coffee is produced along with other cash crops such as pepper, arecanut and banana. Some of the reasons for these farmers going for a mixed cropping pattern instead of mono cropping are-Livelihood rural income being the all bloodline of income for this section of farmers, land is the most rare as gravel they suffer. However in recent years, it has been reported that due to a very high fluctuation of coffee prices in the markets, farmers have suffered from high financial losses by being solely dependent on only one cash crop i.e. coffee. Hence the farmer s have heady to utilize their vacant land on other high priced cash crops such as pepper which would act as an alternative source of income for them. Moreover crops such as pepper and banana would provide shade to coffee plantations and act as a mode of natural farming methodologies adopted to protect against arising threats from existing as well as parvenu pests and coffee related diseases.As per the sources we interviewed, the fluctuations in coffee price furthest year i.e. in 2010 were controllable though, which was within the range Rs. 1900 to Rs. 2500 per kg of coffee. The harvesting period of coffee which generally arrays in the month of December and is set to close in February is almost over and as per our sources the average price of coffee in Wayanad is trading at Rs. 3000 per kg.Farm size- The farm size and land holdings being relatively smaller for marginal farmers as compared to large estate farmers makes it advantageous for them to adopt a mixed cropping fashion. Th is is because they dont follow any systematic method of planting saplings in arrays which ensures that there is still enough scope of planting maximum plants per area due to the hapless stocking method followed.However, the conversion process is very rugged for large estate farmers because the area of land under mono-cropping is huge.Labour availability- The savvy availability for small farmers is majorly in the form of domestic labour i.e. labour resources are the members of the family and mainly the cash crop cultivator who is the owner of the land. However, in episode of large farm estates, the labour resources are typically the paid labours who are generally also the members of organized trade unions operating in Wayanad. some(prenominal) cases have been reported of undying resistance from such trade union members against mixed cropping in large farm estates due to the fear of losing workplace. As per one of the sources who is a member of the M.S. Swaminathan NGO operatin g in Wayanad, the labour charge for plucking coffee from coffee gardens is priced via two distinct pricing chemical mechanisms.hourly basis charge wherein a labour typically charges around Rs. 150 200 per hour.Plucking capacity basis wherein labour required for plucking per kg. of coffee is charged roughly Rs. 1.50 2.50.However, labour charges vary from place to place in different regions of Wayanad.The table represented below shows the recent numbers in variation of mixed crop cultivation implemented in Wayanad.The results from the table clear indicate that marginal farmers had been more enthusiastic to shift their cropping pattern from coffee to pepper. The major cash crops which replaced coffee are pepper, tea and arecanut as shown by the table mentioned below.Cost of Coffee ProductionCoffee production being highly labour-intensive encounters a very high cost of production which has become one of the chief(a) reasons for small and marginal farmers to shift from coffee to al ternative higher revenue generating cash crops such as tea, pepper and arecanut. The usage of manual of arms labour in the process of coffee cultivation can be attributed to the following sequentially adopted sub-processes mentioned below- activeness of controlling weed which is usually done thrice a year. The women labourers in Wayanad are typically engaged with the control of this agricultural activity wherein they cut and remove the weeds manually using sicklesActivity of upturning the soil with manual labour using a spade is usually done double a yearActivity of applying manures such as cow slime and fertilizers is done twice a yearActivity of pruning where the unwanted parts of the coffee saplings are ripped off is typically done twice a yearActivity of final coffee bean appealingness at the time of harvest during the month of December to February is done by hand-picking which is usually carried out once a yearActivity of applying pesticides and insecticides to protect agai nst germs is also done once a year. This activity increases the cost of labour by a huge extent given the embedded cost of pesticides which is also charged along with the cost of applying it with the soil.The costs related to all these activities can be termed as the current expenses which are currently found to be in the range of Rs. 35,000 40,000 per hectare. Moreover, large estate farmers who install sprinkler irrigation systems or drip systems incur a much higher cost due to the large investments involved with these systems. The initial cost associated with raising a new coffee farm altogether would include the current expenses of the initial quaternary years from the start of preparing the farm. This is because from the generally seen trend, it has been found that coffee plants usually start producing sufficient yield from the fourth year of planting.Constraints faced by farmersThere are many constraints faced by the coffee-producing farmers in Wayanad which makes it more dif ficult for them to adopt coffee-farming as the one and only mode of family income. Some of them are-Scarcity of labour is a major concern and given the bulk of labour required for adopting more of natural farming methods in coffee cultivation all throughout the year, this problem should be resolved by providing better opportunities to both labourers (who need to be paid reasonable income for their employment in coffee gardens) and farmers (who need to generate a decent income to throw off the labourers well). The scarcity of labour has thus resulted in a very high cost of labour charged which along with the huge coffee price fluctuations makes it all the more worrying for the coffee-cultivating farmers.The farmers do non possess any market knowledge about what the coffee prices are in the domestic and international markets. Their only network within the coffee chain is with the local traders or middlemen whom they sell the coffee produce in bags typically containing roughly 54 kg s of coffee. The M.S. Swaminathan NGO operating in Kalpetta, Wayanad currently only provides training and demonstration on ways of efficient coffee cultivation. Their primary function is to teach the farmers the various methods of coffee-capacity building. They also provide the farmers the luck to take certifications regarding coffee cultivation practices but given the limited source of income from coffee cultivation, most of the farmers except the large farmers do not avail this opportunity of taking farm-related certifications. However, they dont provide any financial help to the farmers.The funding reserve provided by the farmers is majorly provided by nationalized banks such as State Bank of Travancore and other district co-operative banks which provide loans at lower interest rates compared to the market rates. However, there are a lot of hidden cost charges in the loan which makes a loan very expensive during the time of settlement. So, the small and marginal groups of farmer s have very little scope of negotiating their selling prices with the local traders as their urgent requirement for liquid cash to pay off their loan installments makes them more anxious. Adding to that, these group of farmers do not have any warehouses of their own to keep the harvest and sell them off when the local market offers higher coffee prices. The cost of carrying inventory in warehouses possesses an impounding heart and soul along with the existing interest charges taken due to loans availed earlier. However, large estate farmers having the advantage of possessing economies of scale for coffee cultivation in Wayanad, some of them do have their own warehouses and hence are able to make higher revenues than that of small and marginal farmers. Moreover, the farmers having lack of co-operation amongst themselves have not been involved in collaborative decision-making to form co-operatives for a better cause. Microfinance institutions are also not working in Wayanad, which ma kes the availability of funds more costly.The farmers are not in any way directly connected to the wholesalers or retailers of the coffee market. This makes the middlemen to pocket much of profit which could have otherwise been a part of the farmers profit. The NGOs also dont provide any help and assistance to increase the networking potential drop of farmers connecting them directly to the end-sellers in the market, thereby cutting out the need of liaison in the coffee chain. The main reason could be the strong lobbying from the local traders which makes their participation in the coffee chain inevitable.Lack of adoption of natural and eco-friendly methods such as rain water harvesting due to the superfluity costs incurred in implementing it. Although there have been certain government schemes to stir rain water harvesting in Kerala which are rare, the farmers being insensible of such schemes actually have not been able to avail them. Moreover lack of co-operation among the fa rming community creates hindrances in active engagement of such environmental friendly schemes.ConclusionAfter conducting a thorough interrogation analysis of the coffee cultivation methods in Wayanad, we have tried to expose the major problems encountered by the farmers in adopting natural farming methods at the grassroot level. Although most of the sub-agricultural activities related to the coffee cultivation are done through natural farming instead of organic farming, still the farming method is not entirely natural. This is because of the following reasons listed below-Organic farming although increases the cost of coffee cultivation by a certain extent, is a proper mechanism to fight against pests and insurmountable diseases. It also brings along with the flavor highly regarded in the coffee market.Coffee cultivation being a major source of income, farmers gives strong emphasis to the farming technology used so that they can maximize their income as much as possible. Simple n atural farming technology needs much more labour than that for organic farming which makes it all the more costly given the high costs of labour in Wayanad.However, with proper guidance from NGOs about the modern methods of natural farming which are highly efficient and the availability of cheap labour, the farmers can curb natural farming in the long run which would be a beneficial cause from all angles.IntervieweesThe following people who have been interviewed have provided extensive support in revealing necessary information for shutting of our social development project. They are-Name- N. Gopalakrishnan, Farm Manager of M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (NGO)Office Puthorvayal, Kalpetta, a small town in WayanadCel No- +91- 96561-02590Kindly ask Anil to add three more names including the One whom he has interviewed. Please follow the above format

Characteristics of an Effective Team Leader

Characteristics of an Effective Team Leader ledger entryMost managers argon very good controllers, certainly control and lead drive hand to hand. According to Koontz and O Donnell it is the art of including the subordinates to accomplish their assignments with frenzy and self-assurance. Zeal reflects ardors, earnestness and intensity in execution of work confidence reflects experience and technical qualification. ( lead PPT, Scribd). Moreover, concord to Dwight D. Eisenhower it is the art of getting someone else to do something you want do because he wants to do it (Forssell, D. 2008). We will now prove in detail ab pop out drawing card attractorship and its characteristics as substanti totallyy as squad conflicts and its resolutions.Leader A leader is A individual who rules or guides or inspires former(a)s.A leader is someone who leads strongly, but is non bossy. Someone, who is admirable but non superior, someone who gets the job done, but does non rush. Leaders sho uld understand and identify the nurtures and recognizes the values of the ethical behaviour. As we know, every business has some ethical motive. Leader is the one who invents the others to follow the ethics in the work place. If he fails to follow ethics and live up to their expectations, it affects the presidencys name and fame. Leader presentation ethical behaviour powerfully to regulate on others actions.Leadership Leader ship is an interactive speech that influences the stack to follow the values and ethics of the leader towards achieving the common goal and monitors the play along in order to advance more(prenominal) than coherent and cohesive. A leadership is a complex procedure, which involves the following three dimensions.The leader.The employee.The demands of the situation.Leadership involves in earthly concern of the new ideas and goals and allows others to apply those ideas and a goal in to reality .leadership is challenged by the ability to motivate others f requently over a long arrest of time, and strongly guiding others. Management is doing things right leadership is doing the right things. By Peter Drucker.Leadership is not an individuals action, it is a team effort fostered by group discussions, sharing individual views and influencing power by considering the effective strategies and generating a clear flock. Leadership is a combination of the knowledge, values, skills, and behaviors. all(prenominal)one has their suffer beliefs and views on the characteristics of an effective Leader. A group or team may assess leader ship and its success only by depending on how well the characteristics of the leader are Compatible with the characteristics they believe and they follow.A leader should know his own abilities, and ethics and beliefs, knowledge and value and identify them. For instance, if the team members highly value the quality entrust, then the leader should be viewed as a confide worthy psyche. By cognize his own streng ths and weaknesses he stomach programme to improve those areas where he seems to be weak. Recognizing strengths and compensating for weaknesses represents the first touchstone in achieving compulsory self-regard. By (Warren Bennis Burt Nanus)A successful leader will always make effort to learn and practice to improve his skills .the values and ethics that a leader believes defines his character. Trust, confidence, and effective communication are the two most alpha keys for effective leadership.Characteristics of a leadershipFollowing are some of the characteristics that a leader should be possessed of.Co-existence with followershipResponsibilityUnderstanding naturePrecedenceSituationCo-existence with followershipLeadership is not conferred of ordered but is one to be earned. A person cannot be defined as a leader without having followers. As we, all know that no single person has the same attitude in a group.so the leader should approach his team members or followers accordin g to their style of acceptance and motivate them in order to achieve the common goal.Responsibility A leader has complete responsibility on the team members in all circumstances. Because he is the one who bespeaks them and al subsides tasks to them to complete the project. He should direct the group without facing any difficulties. Whether its success or failure he is the one who is responsible for it.Understanding nature A leader should throw off the capability of understanding the feelings and problems of the group and also the individuals. This can be done only if he maintains a friendly relation with the group members. go through a leader is looked upon as a friend and a philosopher.A leader should do his best to fulfill the personal and social involve of his followers.Precedence Since leader is the one who should guide his followers, he should be fitting to deal with any character of technical skills and personality traits and have a bun in the oven the ability to deal w ith his followers who are of different attitudes and influence them by motivating. sluice he should be aware of his limitations and ethics to make his followers trust him.Situation Leadership is not a constant pattern. It changes according to the type of the bulk in the group and the situation in which the group is operating. A leader should be capable of dealing with any type of situation. In some situations, he should be able to take the decisions instantaneously.Leadership does not exist if there are no leaders and leaders should possess several characteristic to be an effective leader. Some of the characteristic of effective leader are as followsMission Every leader essential know what their accusation is so they understand why the organization exist. Every leader should be aware about(predicate) the mission, mission should also be clear, understandable, descriptive so employees can identify that, and they strive to achieve it. sight A vision should be intellectual enough t o encourage people to visualize it but material enough for validateers to comprehend it, recognize it and be prepared to climb aboard to accomplish it. In simple words, vision can be understood as which direction you want your organization to go?Goal How organization is going to measure the achievement of its mission and vision? Similar to vision, objectives or goals must be operational that are precise and quantifiable. If your efforts results are not quantifiable, then it will be intriguing to recognize if you require accomplished your task or visualization. You might have wasted vital resources following an approach or design without erudite if it actually prospers.Competency Your sponsors, staffs, and the community as being a sea captain in your playing field or an expert in direction observe you. If your constituents apprehend you as greatly credentialedeither by educational level or with specialized experienceand skilled of leading your company to success, it will be mor e difficult for you to be as appreciated, well regarded, or shadowed. much speaking, not all senior managers instantly hold all of the features that twist success. Many front-runners acquire along the way with tough work. As emergencies and tests arise, those at the top of the ladder have key opportunities to exhibit to others that they are in fact, skilled to be front-runners. In reality, greater proficiency achieved as a leader increases more on-the-job involvements.A strong team Genuinely, hardly a(prenominal) officials hold all of the skills and capabilities obligatory to exhibit total mastery of every requisite area inside the organization. To accompaniment the areas of paleness, a wise leader accumulates effective groups of experienced, credentialed, and skilled personalities who can supplement any empty length in the leaders skill set. This capability is what sets leaders spaced out from others. Yet, the leader is required to be eager to confess he lacks defined abilities and go about discovering reliable coworkers to accompaniment those shortages. After constructing the team, the entrepreneur take to trust that team to comprehend problems, generate resolutions, and to act on them. communication skills It ensures little good to have a solid mission, visualization, and goals and even a concrete budget. If the executive cannot smoothly and effectively deliver his opinions to the investors inside and outdoors of the business. He must frequently be in touch with distinguished personalities, by email, conferences, or supplementary methods of communication. Of course, the finest method to ensure other individuals peck and comprehend the communication is through face-to-face communications. Receiving out of the workplace or visiting different locations is a unique method of building descent and sending and receiving communications. Management by Walking Around, or MBWA, gathering workers at their workstations or meeting rooms, or joining them for dine are incisively an uncommon of the countless effective methodologies leaders can practice to give way positive relations with employees.Interpersonal skills Successful businesspersons are comfortable connecting to other individuals they effortlessly create relationship and are at least more over zealous than they are introvert. These features support leaders appear open-minded, pleasant, and calm in their position. Those abilities contribute to staff wanting to work together with their leader. They also support encourage employees to do a better work. When personnel can link up to their manager, they have faith in that their manager is more anxious about them, with their performance, and with their efficiency. Additionally, they have confidence in that they can drive to their manager with difficulties they complete across on the work without be afraid of penalties for not knowing in what way to resolve matters. Not all industrialists are salutary at interpersonal abilities. In dividuals that are not might discover it confirming to take a way, select a tutor or locate a counselor to help them construct interpersonal expertise. The intangible missionary work is too high to not to develop these abilities. Additionally, here is where a racy team originates into play. The less knowledgeable leader who is still book study these skills can count on the team to get out and get together with workers, and spread an encouraging approach to help cultivate self-confidence.A can do, get it done attitude Nothing figures an image of success more than accomplishment, and accomplishment is the number one reason that encourages just about everybody across all cultures. When personnel realize that their manager can lead and direct, has a clear visualization and achievable objectives, and in fact gains outcomes in a timely way, then that individuals credibility upsurges throughout the business. Businesspersons must humbly exhibit their abilities to give their constituents lawful reasons to appreciate and value their hard work.Inspiration instead frequently, personnel need somebody to look up to for direction, supervision, and inspiration. The businessperson require to be that individual. I hope that Human Resources have employed enthusiastic individuals. However, there are periods, when many workers need the manager to motivate them by conversation or action. Employees need somebody to look up to, respect, and follow. dismantle when the production or distribution of services looks like it is all work fine, the leader may perhaps at times required to step in individually to offer a recommendation or reassurance to make sure that workers accomplish their jobs in an optimal manner.Ambition Sleeping on your achievements is immoral for employee spirits and commercial trustworthiness. Workers need to be repetitively prompt for enhancement and attainment and they need to see the equivalent and extra in their leaders. When the manager is trailed as som ebody who works to accomplish progressively greater goals, personnel will be overwhelmed and more enthusiastic to emulate that behavior. It is a win-win for everybody.

Genesis And Rise Of Islamic Fundamentalism Religion Essay

Genesis And Rise Of Muslim Fundamentalism Religion Essay innovationReligious fundamentalism is not a new marge rather it is as old as the worships itself. The world has seen, felt and suffered due unearthly fundamentalism in some way or the other since time immemorial. The same is authoritative for Islamic fundamentalism. Islam, however, has off late been more associated with fundamentalism than e truly other worship in the world. Fundamentalism in Islam is as well as referred as Islamofascism. The term Islamofascism is included in the New Oxford American Dictionary, defining it as a controversial term equating some modern Islamic movements with the European fascist movements of the ahead of time twentieth century. The term is used in this manner by writers resembling Stephen Schwartz and Christopher Hitchens, to describe Islamist extremists, including terrorist groups such as al Qaeda. William Safire makes particular note of Hitchens as a popularizer of the intelligence information, though Hitchens declines credit for coining it.1Susceptibility of Islam to FundamentalismIslam is like all other religion however, it is associated with fundamentalism than any other religion in the world. Fundamentalism in Islam is the result of its origin. It came into being in 500 AD when Christianity and Judaism were in its luxuriant blossom. Quran-The Holy Book of Islam is a philosophical yet one of the most exhaustive set of rule imposing exacting guidelines for daytime to day functioning for its followers making Islam more susceptible to fundamentalism. The philosophical root of Islamic fundamentalism ar largely the result of a conscious examine to revive and re separate the theoretical relevance of Islam in the modern world. The word Islam means submission, or the total surrender of oneself to God. Therein lays its strength as well as weakness. Total surrender to God imparts spectacular intensity level to religious faith wherein no questions are asked re garding its convictions or statute. Equally, it leads to blind adjacent in the interpretations of various diktats as pronounced by the Ulemas or Islamic scholars. The empowerment of Islam, which is believed to be Gods plan for mankind, is sacred and therefore may be (interpreted by some as must be) pursued by any means.2Reasons for Fundamentalism in IslamColonialism and Hesperian Dominance. Ever since Islam came into existence, it continued to flourish and was widely legitimate in the Middle East, Africa, Central and East Asia. It reached its Zenith by 16th Century. However, in 17th and 18th Century westerly Powers, started colonialism towards East resulting in Western cultural dominance over other religions and regions in all spheres of life. Islam to a fault was greatly affected by the imperialistic rule of West and cunning but certain downfall of Islam commenced. The famous Indian poet Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) vividly evince the commonly held view of the soulless multil ayered Western civilization in its varied manifestations of capitalism, communism, laymanism, and liberalism, draining Islam of its inherent vitality. This created a feeling of anti-Westernism and nostalgia for the glorious past which is the study ratifiery factor for the contemporary fundamentalistic movements.Response to Overpowering railyard of new-fashioned Revolutionization. Mr modernization and technology has been the biggest boon for the society. But with it also came the evils of cultural changes of nuclear family, materialism and degeneration of social values. In Mr Volls opinion Islamic fundamentalism is a direct response to rapid modernization and cultural changes that adventure to dilute Islamic identity by a syncretistic compound with un-Islamic elements. Urbanization, in addition to diminishing social and cultural value has also resulted in high unemployment, steep rise in poverty and slap-up inequalities in wealth distribution. These overwhelmingly and rapid economic, social and cultural changes ware resulted in an acute esthesis of dislocation, identity loss, alienation and anomie and are the social-psychological background to the Islamic resurgence.Reaction to Fai conduct Islamic Liberalism. Islam is governed by stringent and strict laws as written in the Holy Koran and its followers are expected to adhere them in in their daily life in totality. It is this facet of Islam which makes it more radical than any other religion in the world. Likewise, Islamic radicalization in part is a fightion to the failure of Islamic liberalism in the late 19th and 20th centuries. While the radicalists fight some(prenominal) with the modernists, who recognize a broad elucidation of Scripture and assume Western ethics, and also the liberals who favor a democratic system of governance on the Western model. Radicalists disapprove these views and look for a come back to the certain foundation of Islam, while reapplying them to the modern milieu.Crisis of Frail Authority of Secular Nations and Governments. another(prenominal) contract is the persistent crisis expressed by the weak legitimacy of the very idea of the nation-state as well as of the existing secular regimes. This crisis is translucent in the pervasiveness of autocratic regimes and in the continuing segmentation of society on tribal, ethnic, and religious lines. The political, social, and economic failures of the secular state is seen as an important contributor to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as a mass-based response conveying radical change. Fundamentalists hunt to blame the modern secular nation-state and its Westernized elites for all the ills of society.Defeat of Islamic States property World War II. Creation of Israel, defeat of Arab nations in 1967 and 1973 in the Arab-Israel Wars, taking apart of Pakistan in 1971 and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 acted as catalysts in the bedcover of Islamic fundamentalism. It gave Muslim world a sens e of disappointment, disgrace, helplessness, and loss of self-worth. It create in animosity and hostility against the local administration that botched to react to the need of their societies. It also resulted in the hatred aginst the superpowers which too failed to support the grounds of Islamic states and saw in them an oppressor and aggressor.Modern Socio-Political Regimens. Modernization provided access to world(a) education and new socio political equations. Secularism was one such legal opinion that spurred Islamic fundamentalism one of the reasons for promoting an Islamic awakening. Rise of the religious fundamentalism across various religious cultures was according to Jurgensmeyer (2001), that the radical religious groups rejected the liberal values of secular institutions. This was particularly considered, by the Islamic religious hierarchy, as the main cause of societys decline and loss of religious inspiration. These radicals also, refused to accept boundaries of secul ar society which keeps religion a private observance and not the public sphere which they thought were contrary to basic Islamiic tenets. Equally, the conservatives sought to restore religion as of import to social life. They also saw foreign domination as a symptom of Muslim weakness, and its elimination as the key to Muslim power. such domination could be attacked directly by jihad against foreigners.3Failure of Modern Institutions. Modernization in many countries did not yield requisite outcome. Modernization in these countries failed for host of reasons to include lack of infrastructure and stable government, illiteracy and wide spread unemployment. The failure of modernization in such state gave enough reason to the conservatives to force the established governments and convince the people to devolve back to the basics of Islam and shun secularism and liberalization. Also the western liberal strategists failed to represent the religious overtures in the Islamic states, fur ther bolstering the radicalists to adopt and enforce the fundamentalist Islam in its present form. The failure of liberal governments to revitalize the states gave people the cream of reverting back to the Islamic values which if nothing else gave them the false sense of superiority and gave hope to bring back the lost glory to the so believed superior religion. This drew marked religious responses resulting in a cumulation of Islamic fundamentalist movements. Moreover, the failure of democratic and secular state to stand further strengthened the case of conservatives giving rise to fundamentalist forces.4 certaintyAt the end of the 20th century Islamic fundamentalists have set out active participators in mainstream Muslim society all over the world, led by a new class of modern-educated elites. For many Muslims Islamic revivalism is a social rather than a political movement aimed at implementing a more Islamically oriented society. For most fundamentalists, however, the establi shment of an Islamic system does contract the creation of an Islamic state, and the mainstream Islamic fundamentalist movements have become major(ip) actors within the system while the violent radicals continue to confront the state. The moderates demand participation as equals in the democratic process, while the extremists threaten force play and revolution.

A Definition Of Postnatal Depression Nursing Essay

A Definition Of Postnatal impression Nursing EssayOne of the prime factors is considered to be the sudden postpartum drop in progesterone take aims in the post partum days. (Nappi et al 2001) The placenta is liable for the vast majority of circulating progesterone during pregnancy and its delivery is efficaciously responsible for the precipitate drop in levels post partum.There may also be other related hormonal changes including the fluctuations in prolactin levels (Hendrick et al 1998) and f completelying oestrogen and cortisol levels. (Halari et al. 2004)Symptoms can initially let in irritability, tearfulness, insomnia, hypochondriasis, headache and impairment of concentration. There is a maximal incidence of these symptoms on about the fifth post partum day and these can progress to frump depressive symptoms over a variable period. (Ramsay et al 1995). There argon conglomerate tools that can be used to measure the degree of first gear and these implicate the Edinburgh p ostpartum imprint scale,(Cox et al 1987), The Stein scale for maternity blues, (Stein 1980) and the Beck depression rating list. (Beck et al 1961)Key issues affecting vulnerable patientsThere watch been a number of studies that look at the effectiveness of treatment of postpartum depression. One of the most new-fangled publications (Dennis 2005) provides a meta-analysis of the factors which influence the outcome in the condition. The author concluded that the only strategy that was shown to slang a put one over preventative effect was intensive post-partum shop at from the health care professionals involved in the illustration. Curiously, this was found to be more than effective than similar political sciences which included an ante-natal percentage as well.The morbidity associated with postnatal depression has a number of effectiveness consequences not only for the mother, but also the child and the rest of the family as well. (Oakley et al 1996)One of the most probato ry is the fact that one sequel of postnatal depression is the greatest predictor (or jeopardize factor) for another succession after subsequent pregnancies. The children are likely to have difficulties because of possible problems with bonding and the mothers possible negative perceptions of the behaviour of the children. (Cooper Murray 1997)Some studies have shown that mothers with postnatal depression have derived beneficial help from social support during pregnancy. (Ray et al 2000). It would hence appear that the key issues in this area are identification of the prophetical factors that make postnatal depression more likely and then the prep of prompt supportive measures if those factors are established.Local resources for supportApart from the more traditional resources of the primary healthcare team of the General arrange the accoucheuse and the health Visitor, some centres have tried experiments with postnatal support role player provision (Morrell 2000). This part icular claim found that the patients found an high level of satisfaction with the value but no more so than with the go provided by the rest of the primary healthcare team. Analysis of the results showed that the postnatal support worker helped to achieve higher levels of breast feeding, but had little uphold on the severity or frequency of postnatal depression.One significant factor that was found, however, was that support from a partner was a significant overconfident factor in preventing severe postnatal depression.communicating strategiesSeveral recent studies have shown that healthcare professionals ofttimes fail to spot the signs of postnatal depression. (Bick et al 1995). Making the diagnosis is obviously the prerequisite of establishing a treatment regime so it is clearly vital for all healthcare professionals to be on their guard for warning signs sleep disturbance, irritability, mood swings and irrationality. (Ramsay et al 1995)Reflection and broody practice is a vital part of effective nursing. (Gibbs 1998) . Each healthcare professional should ideally reflect upon their management of each individual case to decide whether they were communicating optimally with the patient and that they were fully receptive to all that was on the patients agenda. Communication is a two-way modality.Bulman (et al.2004) points to the need to understand, at a deeper level, just what it is the message that the patient is taking away from any interaction. Communication is therefore vital in the strategy to empower and educate the vulnerable patient.Role of accoucheuse and Health VisitorThe new mother is often at the centre of an emotional rollercoaster. The sudden culmination of nine months of candidate results (frequently) in a flurry of support from healthcare professionals and family, which then cursorily evaporates and the mother is left to deal with the new situation which is frequently stressful. (Kitzman et al 1997)The midwife can obviously help by prepa ring the ground in the antenatal period and offering support in the immediate postnatal period. (Dennis 2005). The health visitor is probably better placed to be witting of any developing warning signals that postnatal depression is developing, as they are likely to be in contact with the patient during the high risk period. (Cooper Murray 1995).It has been suggested that encouragement of the mother to attend the health visitor clinic rather than to have home visits is a positive way of encouraging social inclusion. (Seeley et al 1996)Studies which have looked at the cost-effectiveness of using community postnatal support service workers have shown no benefit over the more traditional midwife and Health Visitor support. (Morrell et al 2000)Back to Essay ExamplesReferencesAffonso DD, De AK, Horowitz JA, Mayberry LJ. 2000 An international study exploring levels of postpartum depressive symptomatology. J Psychosom Res 200049 207-16.Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Baugh J. 1961 An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen psychological medicine 19614561-71.Bick D, MacArthur C. 1995 The extent, severity and effect of health problems after childbirth. Br J Midwifery 1995 3 27-31Bulman Schultz 2004 Reflective Practice in Nursing The Growth of the Professional Practitioner Third reading Edited By CHRIS BULMAN, School of Health Care, Oxford Brookes University SUE SCHUTZ, Oxford Brookes University 2004Cooper Murra 1995 gradation and recurrence of postnatal depression. Evidence for the specificity of the diagnostic concept The British daybook of Psychiatry 166 191-195 (1995)Cooper P, Murray L. 1997 Prediction, detection, and treatment of postnatal depression. Arch Dis Child 199777 97-9Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. 1987 Detection of post-natal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh post-natal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987150782-6.Dennis C-L. 2005 Psychosocial and psychological interventions for prevention of postnatal depression system atic surveil BMJ, Jul 2005 331 15.Gibbs, G (1998) breeding by doing A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1998Halari, V. Kumari, R. Mehrotra, M. Wheeler, M. Hines, and T. Sharma 2004 The Relationship of Sex Hormones and Cortisol with Cognitive functioning in Schizophrenia J Psychopharmacol, September 1, 2004 18(3) 366 374.Hendrick, L. L. Altshuler, and R. Suri 1998 Hormonal Changes in the postpartum and Implications for Postpartum Depression Psychosomatics, April 1, 1998 39(2) 93 101Kitzman H, Olds DL, Henderson CR, Hanks C, Cole R, Tatelbaum R, et al. L 1997 Effect of antenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childishness injuries, and repeated childbearing. JAMA 1997 278 644-652Nappi, F. Petraglia, S. Luisi, F. Polatti, C. Farina, and A. R. Genazzani 2001 Serum Allopregnanolone in Women With Postpartum Blues Obstet. Gynecol., January 1, 2001 97(1) 77 80.Oakley A, pimple D, Rajan L. 1996 Social support in pregnancy does it have long-term effect? J Reprod Infant Psychol 1996 14 7-22.Oates MR, Cox JL, Neema S, Asten P, Glangeaud-Freudenthal N, Figueiredo B, et al. 2004 Postnatal depression crossways countries and cultures a qualitative study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 200446 s10-6.OHara M, companion A. 1996 Rates and risk of postpartum depressiona meta-analysis. Int Rev Psychiatry 19968 37-54.Ramsay. R and T. Fahy 1995 Recent Advances Psychiatry BMJ, July 15, 1995 311(6998) 167 170.Ray KL, Hodnett ED. 2000 Caregiver support for postpartum depression. In Cochrane Collaboration,ed. Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford Update Software, 2000.Seeley S, Murray L, Cooper PJ. 1996 The outcome for mothers and babies of health visitor intervention. Health Visitor 199669135-138.Stein GS. 1980 The pattern of mental change and eubstance weight in the first post partum week. J Psychosom Res 1980241165-71.

Democracy Essay example -- essays research papers fc

In some(a) nations, if you asked the people what they are to the highest degree proud of to the highest degree their own country, they might tell you about art, or architecture, great literary workings, or the natural beauty of the land. But present in America, one of the things we are most proud of is our establishment of government. be a democracy. The freedom to chose our own leaders. Its ironic that the thing we are most proud of is not strictly true. We are not a direct democracy, in pure form, as Richard Parker points out. We are a Republic. What is the deviation? To give a silly example from every day life, verbalize you go a group of five people and its lunchtime. Where allow they go for lunch? Well this IS America, and we do so love our democracy, so the group will vote. Who wants to go to McDonalds? Three hands go up. The mass rules, the group goes to McDonalds. This is our ideal, but it is not technically the way it works in politics. A to a greater extent rea listic version? Who wants to go to McDonalds? Three hands go up. However, John is the official representative of the group, and he thinks The Tofu dramaturgy is a mitigate choice for the group. The Tofu House it is. Richard Parker suggests that it is time to reevaluate our system of indirect democracy, and move towards a system of mass participation of the people and voting directly without the discretion of a middle-man, such as the Electoral College, ultimately weighing in with more power than the legal ages vote. Our textbook points out, the Electoral College was created at the comparable time as the Constitution, and at that time, there may ca-ca been some practical reasons for creating it. There was no competent form of mass media, and consequently no way for the general public to gain information about candidates from other states. Without knowledge of any other candidates but those from their own states, it would have been very hard for any candidate to win a field maj ority of votes. Times have changed, and the American public is much better equip to seek out and receive information. Our Electoral College System, however, remains more often than not outdated. Although it is popularly understood that members of the Electoral College will vote for the candidate the majority of those they are to be representing voted for, penalties for faithless electors are practically nonexistent, and occasionally electors have opted not to vote for the candidate to whom they we... ...ith the people themselves. When the people lead, the politicians follow, and with Direct nation the politicians pay attention.Perhaps it is time to start exercising our authority, not right by voting in another indirect election, but by creating a process which allows, and even mandates the people to directly participate intimate that the ultimate outcome is based on how they feel, not how their representative feels. If the majority rules on McDonalds, then that is what they sha ll have.Works CitedParker, Richard D. Power to the Voters. The Enduring Debate true and coetaneous readings in American Politics- 3rd Edition. Ed. David Cannon, John Coleman, and Kenneth Mayer. New York, NY W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2003. 309-317.Pomper, Gerald M. parliamentary Government in the United States? The Enduring Debate Classic and Contemporary readings in American Politics- 3rd Edition. Ed. David Cannon, John Coleman, and Kenneth Mayer. New York, NY W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2003. 363-374.Oconnor, Karen and Larry J. Sabato. Ed. Essentials of American Government Continuity and Change, 2004 Edition. United States Pearson Education, Inc, 2004. 424-426.

Concept Paper :: essays research papers

Truth, Honor, IntegrityTruth, honor, and integrity can be used and understand in many different ports. These three concepts are instilled into people during childhood, implemented during school years, and reinforced as adults. In the end, though, it all depends on how an various(prenominal) chooses to interpret these principles before any of them can be seen as substantially or bad. The dictionary definition of truth is an agreement with fact or reality. in that rate are many different aspects of truth there is the upstanding truth, and the partial truth. When someone tells the full-length truth there is no missing in it. It is the complete and absolute truth with no editing for in the flesh(predicate) reasons. An example of partial truth would be the case of President Clinton and, whiteness House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Although Clinton did admit to having oral sex with Ms. Lewinsky he denied having sex with her. What is the difference, you gather up? Clinton claims tha t the dictionary definition of sex says that it involves intercourse, which he never had with Ms. Lewinsky.Honor is some other word for respect. The Bile states that children should honor their fathers and mothers. My interpretation of this is that children should not only come out respect directly towards their parents, but also show it to their name, in the way that they act. The Bible also states that the same respect that is shown to parents should also be shown to peers and authority. There are many different ways to show that you have respect for someone. Doing things like obeying orders, even if they do not appear logical, and behaving appropriately when in public, can show respect.Integrity is the state of total honesty and sincerity. exhibit integrity is like coming out ant telling the whole truth, no matter what the consequences may be. One of my favorite examples of integrity is shown in the movie While You Were Sleeping. In that particular movie, a lonely womanly is m istakenly identified as the fiance of a man who has been rendered unconscious.

The Worlds Longest War :: essays research papers

The Worlds eight- twenty-four hours WarWhere We AreJournals practice a laudable self-censorship of criticism of religions. The close tovicious devil worship is menti sensationd with little comment and then solely in crimereporting of the atrocities committed. This is a good thing. Religious hatreds atomic number 18 so easily inflamed, and there is so much history of phantasmal persecution,that we are much better off with this self restraint. Furthermore the musical intervalof church and recite is spelled out in our constitution and is practiced in mostcountries of the world, even in the former USSR and China. In democracies it islegal for a political party to yearn for religious domination, but in onlydemocratic countries such parties are very small and never get across the stage ofchallenging their constitutions. The name "Christian Democratic Party," commonin Europe, refers to moral roots, not to theocratic ambitions. The consequenceof this separation of church and state is that political contention is notpoisoned by religious hatred.There is one exception, Islam, a theocracy which has savaged the world for overa thousand years. Its religious principle is that church and state are one andthat canon law and civic law are one. It periodically believes that unbelieversmust be converted or conquered and that hating infidels is a virtue and killingan infidel is a ticket to heaven. In many of the faithful this religious fervor has merged with the secular fanaticism of Marxism-Leninism to make awitchs brew of hate and savagery against Christendom and capitalism. (Americais the Great Satan.)The decease of Marxism-Leninism in Europe does not extend to the Middle East.Russian and Chinese weapons continue to be sold for Arab oil money. Duringcenturies of warfare the western countries imbibe become democracies. Even EasternEurope is avalanching into democracy. But, except for present day Turkey andsome Far Eastern countries which practice a piano form of Islam, the Moslem worldis run by military dictators, theocratic oligarchies, or a combination of both.A short list of these modern-day dictators (most entitled "President" or"King") includes Ghadaffi of Libya, Assad of Syria, Saddam Hussein of Iraq, theMullahs of Iran, Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Hussein of Jordan, and the competingwarlords in Lebanon and the PLO.This theocracy has conquered or converted much of the civilized world. Itsconquests kick in been impeded more by internal factional wars, murders, andschisms than by resistance of its victims. It is at a time on the rising slope of itsnext onslaught. It can not up to now attack the superpowers in open warfare. Israel isa salient of the West in the Middle East so open warfare has been repeatedly

Free My Antonia Essays: Female Roles :: My Antonia Essays

Female Roles in My Antonia             there was a curious social situation in black hawk. every the young men felt the attraction of the fine, come up-set-up country girls who had come to town to earn a living, and, in nearly every case, to help their fathers campaign out of debt, or to make it possible for the younger children of the family to go to school. (P succession 127) This was the route of life for most girls around the 1920s. The book My Antonia by Willa Cather, Refreshingly creates pistillate roles and sozzled personalities. Frances Harling, Molly Gardner, And Lena Lingard are excellent examples of such women. Frances Harling is whizz of the enormous examples of what a strong woman can be. She is very responsible. She takes care of her fathers production line when he goes out of town, and on Sundays she would go to the office just to submit the mail. Frances is very talented. She could play the piano with out a li ght and disgorge to her mother at the same time. Frances also was one of the most respectable people in town. If any one had a wedding she would look at a present. If there was a funeral she would be there to help cabinet them. You could always count on her to be there. Molly Gardner had a strong personality. Molly would show her personality by the way she presented herself. Jim the narrator say Mrs. Gardener was admittedly the outflank-dressed woman in Black Hawk, drove the best horse, and had a smart trap and a little white-and-gold sleigh.(Page 117) Molly like to have the best meterial goods in the town, and she liked to show them off. Mollys personality was the rationality that her husbands and her business did so well. Jim also said he knew that without her he would hardly be more that a clerk in some other mans hotel.(Page 122) Molly would also go on all the business trips because she was the smarter one between her and her husband. Lena Lingard was not one of the most respected people in town, but she wanted to ameliorate herself. She wanted to get away from the farm she thought the work on the farm was endless. Lena had left the farm at a young age to become a seamstress and study under Mrs. Tomas, a well known dress-maker in town.

It’s Time to Stop the Madness :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Its Time to throw in the towel the MadnessThe more single hears about all the things ones ancestors believed in, the more one spate be inclined to distrust much of what is said that is non backed by hard evidence. And yet, even many former facts of the hold outledge domain that adopt been backed by what was deemed in other times as hard-enough evidence are now seen a laughable light. The sun is no longer popularly perceived to revolve around the Earth the ball is understood to be (mostly) round, etc. But how do we know what we get word as evidence for showing us the way things are and how they build is indeed enough? How close are we to the truth concerning our existence and purpose, or what everything else has to do with us (i.e., our surroundings, or our co-inhabitants of this planet whether living or inert)? by chance this is such a big question that many people have simply put it on hold in the recesses of their minds, or else throwing it on the whole from the mind so as to concentrate on the day-today tasks at hand. perchance it is long old the time when we should consider such things with renewed take and contemplation.The problem is that in looking at our human nature, we can be quite blinded by ourselves, to the extent that the results we find in our studies can be very biased, often without our creation able to see precisely how. Perhaps the most logical way of dealing with this dilemma is excessively claimed by mystics to be the oldest to strive with much will and discipline to fling oneself of all that might cloud our perception, effectively becoming a soulfulness who in some way has transcended beyond a state of being that is constantly worrying about the self, its image, its survival, its transgressions. If it sounds difficult, that is because it is, at least for those who have already picked up the excess baggage of culture from society. Moreover, those who have managed to break through all self delusions do non necessarily b ecome recognisable as having done such a thing. It would be their veil that is lifted, not that of their observer. One could possibly walk down the street right past someone who sees things in an entirely different way and not know it. Things are not as they seem, and this applies to everything.

I Hate Cell Phones :: Personal Narrative Writing

I Hate Cell PhonesLet me come right wing out and say it You chronic jail cell phone users, Im thoroughly throw up of you.Im sick of having to listen to your wearisome conversations as I walk down the street or beat in the park or anywhere masses used tantalize in peace.Im sick of having to be wary of you speckle you chat away in a car too near(a) to me, especi eithery you vapid girls and young women with your attention far away from pitiful several tons of metal along a road.Im sick of having to maneuver my shopping cart around you while you chew out to someone at the other end about the goddamn crust of the cantaloupe or whether to buy Cheerios or Wheaties. Im sick of hearing your one-sided chit chat while Im trying to enjoy a meal in a restaurant.Hey, I dont want to hear about your romantic problems, your line woes, your vasectomies or your yeast infections.Im sick of the various sounds of your phones ringing, all those sounds engineered just for you. Ive lately preferre d the whine of the dentist usage as I wait for my name to be called.Those of you who dont turn off your cell phones while in a painting and then actually take the callif youre not a surgeon waiting to do a kidney transplant, I think you should be taken out into the street and beaten up by six-spot bikers juiced on amphetamines.Those of you taking classes, try very hard to dream up to turn off your cell phones because someday your professor is not tone ending to be able to control himself and is going to take your chirping little invention and is going to stomp it into little pieces, then throw sixty dollars at you in three 20s.Those of you who call me on cell phones, let me be frank and say I dont like it. Unless its an extreme emergency or youre in some relieve place where other people cant hear youbecause it bugs me that those people might be like me and not appreciate having to become toilet to a conversation that has nothing to do with themplease wait until you stun to a land line to call me.And those of you who call me on your cell phone, if at all possible, make sure your batteries are new or your reception is perfect or, if not, that you only call to tell me some simple, sketch thing, because trying to hold a normal conversation while your percentage comes and goes is pretty irritating to me.

Free Essay on Homers Odyssey: Odyssey as Epic Poem :: Homer Odyssey Essays

  The Odyssey as Epic metrical composition     For thousands of years, people generate enjoyed the entertainment of epic poems.  The Odyssey is an epic poem.  The Odyssey contains characteristics of an epic poem.  The mise en scene of the Odyssey is immense.  The gods and goddesses of ancient Greece intervene frequently in the Odyssey.  Odysseus exemplifies a special publicakin of pride.  Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus undertakes a difficult journey.  .             The Odyssey has an big setting.  Odysseus starts off by change of location to Troy, which is the known world.  On his quest home he comes grammatical case to face with the unknown world.  Included in the unknown world is the underworld.  Very fewer mortals had ever made it to the underworld and back safely. Odysseus travels to many different islands, and civilizations passim the duration of the Odyssey .  Thus, creating many smaller, different settings that all fit into vast setting.          The gods and goddesses unendingly intervene in the Odyssey.  There are many examples of divine preventative in the Odyssey.  One of the most influential gods in the Odyssey is Poseidon.  Poseidon causes Odysseuss journey to be so difficult.  Poseidon is mad at Odysseus because of what he did to his son Polyphemus.  Polyphemus asked his father to penalize him.  This resulted in only Odysseus reaching Ithaca.            Circe was a minor goddess who had a vast influence in the Odyssey.  She helped Odysseus by giving some advice on trustworthy matters.  She told Odysseus that she must go to the cold homes of Death and Persephone... meaning the underworld.  She also tells them of the jeopardy which lies ahead in Scylla and Charybdis.         Odysseus s pride led him to make blind, rash decisions.  Hubris, a Greek word, is the best way to describe Odysseuss pride.  Hubris is a unique compositors case of pride that is almost arrogance. Odysseus demonstrates this when he is leaving the island of the Cyclopes.  Cyclopes, if ever mortal man inquire how you were put to shame and blinded, tell him Odysseus, raider of cities, took your eye Laertes son, whose homes on Ithaca  If Odysseus would have kept his mouth shut he may have escaped Poseidon, and all of men wouldnt have been killed.

bankruptcy Essay -- essays research papers

The original Bankruptcy Act was enacted in 1878. Unlike European countries, American debtors were not punished in any way. Our founders viewed bankruptcy from a antithetic perspective therefore, they included a provision in the U.S. Constitution, which gives Congress the countenance to establish uni plaster bandage bankruptcy laws. The primary purpose of the Bankruptcy work out is to provide debtors an opportunity for a fresh start. In prep argon to have a fresh start the debtor is relieved from reasoned responsibility of past debts. Under the code, debtors be protected against abusive creditor activities. at once a voluntary or involuntary petition is registerd, certain actions by creditors are suspended under automatic stay. Both secured and unsecured creditors are suspended from taking any action against the debtor or the debtors property. However, actions to recover child support or alimony are not suspended.In a situation in which there are both secured and unsecured cr editors, there is a special interest in preventing creditors from obtaining an unfair advantage over other creditors. Unsecured creditors must file a proof of use up this document states the amount of the creditors strike against the debtor. Secured creditors are not required to file a proof of claim unless the amount of claim exceeds the value of the collateral. Voidable transfers are another form of protection between creditors. Preferential transfers or liens made to a creditor by the debtor within 90 days before bankruptcy can...

The Joy Luck Club and The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts :: The Woman Warrior

The Joy quite a little Club and The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts Amy tans novel, The Joy Luck Club describes the lives of inaugural and second generation Chinese families, particularly mothers and daughters. Surprisingly The Joy Luck Club and, The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts are very similar. They some(prenominal) talk of mothers and daughters in these books and try to find themselves culturally. Among the barriers that must be bastinado are those of language, beliefs and customs. The novel The Joy luck club starts with a yarn that right away suggests the importance of family and language. It is the tale of a hopeful immature woman traveling from China to America to start a late life. She carries with her a swan, which she hopes to present to her American daughter someday. The language barrier is undetermined when the womans good wishes for her future child are define by the idea that this daughter willing never know the hardships e ndured by her mother because she will be born in America and will " verbalise precisely perfect American English" ( burn 18). Though, things do not turn out exactly as planned for the young woman. Her lovely swan is confiscated by customs officials, and her treasured daughter, now an adult, does indeed speak only English and cannot understand her mother at all. Without a putting surface language, the expected loving link between mother and daughter is broken. discourse becomes impossible. (Kim 37)This story sets the stage for conflict between the Chinese mothers and their American daughters. The getting even of the language barrier is a constant theme in two The Joy Luck Club and The Woman Warrior. The English language plays a major role in assimilating the new world. For Tan, there is a conflict between Chinese and English, in her real life and in her story. Tan herself stopped speaking Chinese at age five. Tans mother, Daisy, however, speaks "in a combination of E nglish and Mandarin" (Cliff notes 6). Tan was taunted in high school for her mothers heavy kidnap accent (Cliff notes 6). Because Daisy never became fluent in English, the language problem only escalated between the two women. (Cliff notes 6) Tan expresses this stress in her novel with the voice Jing-mei. Jing-mei admits that she has trouble understanding her mothers meaning. "See daughters who grow hot when their mothers talk in Chinese, who think they are stupid when they explain things in fractured English" (Tan 40).