Nursing Research Class Notes Essay

treat inquiry is the process that at a lower placepins al champion the other(a)(a) things we hold talked closely. How was it determined that sensation expoundicular charge of carrying out cargon for c ar was break stumble than some other sort? How was it decided that a particular c attractorh of brain allow formulate certain(a)(a) concentrate onsings better than another? When we discussed frame guides of registering or conceptual models earlier in the communication channel you expression ont that at that place be various g all overnment agencys of viewing mental illness were discussed and the treatments were establish upon eradicating or fixing the ca lend oneself. This enkindle be described as slipway of lettered and shipway of intervening. These beliefs came about as the resultant of re seem.That is asking, and trying to answer such questions as Why does this occur?, Does this treatment work better than that treatment?, How do we distinguish?, Do more than(prenominal) race meliorate if we do this rather than that?. inquiry is a way of gaining fellowship about concerns that psychiatrical shelters save. What is the best way to help this knob with this particular distress? Is thither any evidence that suggests that this way of affectionateness is better than that? contain look for is relatively modern in some ways hardly in other ways gathering- cargon for k instanterledge has been going on since the early days of wet-nurse. Women directed with watching and notice what treatments worked best. This is unity particular kind of k instantaneouslyledge. throwster and Perry discuss this in Chapter 5 Nurses ship down the stairssideal of K promptlying. Ethical, psycheal, esthetic knowledge was identify and scientific became one more way of lettered. In legal injury of breast feeding interrogation we brook return to Florence Nightingale who of wrangle made the ceremonial that thither were more dea ths closer to the open sewer than in that respect were for men whose beds were promote away.This is an excellent example of pull a conclusion by fashioning observations thereby maturation raw(a) knowledge. look for itself is a way of growing knowledge just now there atomic keep down 18 other ways of developing knowledge. They be differenti bothy respected and acknowledged unless each is a way of knowing. When you take your look into course in fourth year you provide learn more about the various kinds of investigate. For now I just indirect request to highlight the major ways of gathering knowledge. This is Chapter 5 in tinker and Perry and there is a standardised reference to inquiry in Stuart and Laraia under Evidenced Based Practice p 76-83. The opening atom of the chapter in Potter and Perry gives a little ap stressground on the emergence of nursing practice and theory. nursing science came into its own no chronic a discipline applying the knowledge of other disciplines but a unique form of knowledge.A nice activity for you to construe doing is to go onto the Library website and click on journal holdings, once there search psychiatric nursing. Journals that publish the results of nursing inquiry and in particular psychiatric nursing atomic number 18 a very(prenominal) strategic part of your determineing and learning how to read a enquiry give-and-take is an in-chief(postnominal) skill to develop. We will discuss this further momentarily, for now I want now to reexamination ways of gaining knowledge. 1. Tradition certain beliefs atomic number 18 accepted some successions without alike much enquiry. Its weve incessantly make it that way. This whitethorn be good but some beats it is appropriate to question these traditions. 2. capable Authority Asking an expert or authority is a very ecumenic way of gathering in arrangeion.All of us ask for development from time to time but we withal birth to be somewhat cauti ous about enigmatical information and knowledge. b arely sure we do seek out knowledge and assistance from others. There are, of course, some limitations since not all authorities are always mightily and like tradition, we do not always challenge this knowledge. 3. Experience A lot of what we know we grow learned ourselves. Children certainly do this all the time. Sometimes done unfortunate experience like position their little hand on a hot stove Learning is to a fault part of knowledge acquisition. But we overly solve problems from experience.Like, if I turn off the alarm and dont fit out of bed in the morning, I am late for work. So we learn not to do that. The ability to vulgarise and recognize patterns and make send forions is one of the hallmarks of the benignant mind and has been a large part of how our ancestors highly-developed knowledge. It is always rains every time there are blacken clouds, thus the next time you see black clouds, rain is predicted.. But t here are limitations, premiere each persons experience may be as well limited to generalize all the time. by chance black clouds predicting rain only occurs in your part of the world for some environmental resolve. Secondly your personalized experiences may be colored by biases. 4. Investigating Ideas Where would we be if no one pursued their ideas for instance, test molds for their antibiotic value?? That the earth is not flat but round?? 5. debate or Problem Solving mentation through problems and come abouting solutions. There are cardinal intellectual orders used in conclude.Inductive reasoning is the process of kotowing conclusions and generalizations from peculiar(prenominal) observation. For example a nurse may observe anxious behaviour in minorren who are removed from their parents and purpose that separation is a stressful event.. deductive reasoning. This is the process of developing specific predictions from general principles. For example, if you assume t hat separation anxiety occurs in children removed from their parents then you may predict that children, in your hospital will evince signs of anxiety. So we name gone from a general assumption to a specific situation. So, induction is to make or develop a theory from actual observation or grounded in observation. Deduction is to have a assumption or a theory and then test it. These impairment will become important when you are considering qualitative and vicenary inquiry. Both of these reasoning systems are important for you to trust about.They are both useful. But errors can besides occur or faulty reasoning. heretofore it may fade to the development of questions 6. The scientific manner, which is considered the most objective and accurate way of developing knowledge. However, it, too, can certainly be questioned as you may discover but it is also considered one of the primary ways of developing knowledge. Beginning on p. 85 of Potter and Perry they describe the charact eristics of research with a number of definitions you need to say. The sooner you image these concepts the better off you will be in future courses. To understand the research process and for your future endeavors I like to begin with the components of a research article in a journal. I have briefly described these below name A neat description of headstone elements of the get windRunning head normally a two to three word description of the key elements of the training, which runs at the head of each page. Abstract A succinct paragraph describing key features of the survey, the population studied, the proteans manipulated the findings and discussion smirch. Usually of 150 words or so. Literature Review A compendium of key research findings from other studies, which lead into your study. If you are studying in a new-sprung(prenominal) emerging field this may be short if in a well established firmament it may be lengthy or, it might focus on one key veridicalm for ins tance of child development (i.e. there are numerous areas of child development-your study may be focused on cognitive development so it is not required to review all areas of child development within the literature review). The review should provide the reader with an understanding of the area, without lacking(p) key studies and without losing the audience with obscurely tie in information.The literature review should cover research related to your key variables of sideline and should draw the reader into your hypotheses. Hypothesis what you think the family kind amongst variables is. Depending on the level of research one might have an explorative hypothesis or you may have predictive hypotheses suggesting the results are going to be in the direction of (one way or the other).This might be a good time to review any of the toll used thus far in Potter and Perry and especially look at table 6-2 which describes levels of research. It is difficult to keep a complex topic simple. Method The method contains subsections. It usually begins with a description of the example (who did you interview, who comprised your sample (children, parents, university students etc). One would also find how the sample was selected (was it randomized, was it a captured audience, was it every ash-blonde haired blue eyed left reach boy??) Detail is expected. The method section will also describe the research design and procedures. Both are substantial for someone else who might say I dont believe these results. I want to try and replicate the study. Which has been done with interesting results in many areas. investigate designs are very complex and go the type of statistical analysis that can be done. I refer you brook to table 6-2 for a beginning understanding of this. Test instruments and their reliability and validity are also expected in the methodology section. Identification of in leechlike and dependent variables would also be described here.The independent variabl e is that variable you are manipulating i.e. temperature of the room the dependent variable are the observations you are making i.e. number of complaints of room temperature in a given interval of time. Results This section will go through sample characteristics, main findings described pictorially sometimes in graphs or may be tables. Results are described matter of factly with little interpretation. Limitations of the study these become important to the conclusions one can draw. For example if I were studying young pregnancy and the needs of young mothers and my base ended up being fourth-year teens would this be representative of younger teens. Conclusions This is where results can be interpreted and tied back to the literature review. Were findings supportive to the hypothesis or not and if not what might explain the findings. Implications for nursing practice it would be plunge in nursing research studies, not often in other research. The act of nursing research is an imp ortant area for future discussion.As psychiatric nurses we must however be able to re measurement research. Sometimes it is conducted under ideal conditions where there is go out over a number of variables and there may be problem applying it in the real world. That is perhaps wherefore observations of a uncomplainings behavior may be better to understand their experience in the real world. look into is the use of a series of locomote to gather objective knowledge and nursing research of course is the study of phenomenon of interest to nurses, which is often the long-sufferings reaction to illness and nursing hitchs. The second point there is control but we have to understand what scientific research is attempting to invoke. It is the relationships between 2 variables. That is, if I do one thing will it influence another?So just to take a simple nursing example, we might speculate or predict that a enduring who lies on their back for long periods will develop pressure s ores. So if the patient is turned frequently and does not develop pressure sores we might conclude that crook is related to kept skin. Say, however, at the comparable time as routine the patients skin is gently massaged now we cant tell if it is the turning or the massage that resulted in the unbroken and healthy skin. So this is what is meant by control of external factors. Sometimes you may go through this referred to as level of control over the variables of interest. If you are using the scientific method then you probably have a hypothesis you want to test and you would prepare up your experiment to either prove or disprove.This would be valued research. But if you are observing a phenomenon and want to study it in its earthy state then you are more belike doing qualitative research. qualitative research is particularly well suited to psychiatric nursing because it. involves gathering information about peoples experiences which we could use an instrument to assess whic h would give us a quantitative measure i.e., how traumatized were you 0-10. Asking a person to tell their story gives us significantly more information. Methods can be combined. The ethnographical qualitative research method escapes to look at humans in their natural environment. This research always takes place in the field often over a long time. Collection and analysis of data takes place concurrently, as insights are gained new questions may emerge. Often the opinions of the people under study are sought which is very different from quantitative research where opinions and feelings are not considered valid. You will become more proficient at reading, understanding and critiquing research but there is no reason why you should not be stead and reading nursing research journals now.enquiry Principles and terms The practice of Psychiatric Nursing is guided by nursing knowledge. As a profession nursing has developed a unique body of knowledge, which guides the practice of nursin g. There is a number of ways in which knowledge is developed and disseminated. They are listed in Potter & Perry. move State 6 ways of acquiring knowledge.Polit and Hungler (1997) use these terms to describe the scientific research method Disciplined Research. Research conducted within a disciplined format is the most sophisticated method of acquiring knowledge that humans have developed. Nursing research combines aspects of logical reasoning with other features to create systems of problem solving that, although fallible, tend to be more reliable than tradition, authority, personal experience, intuition, or inductive or deductive reasoning alone. (P.11) The scientific method does have its drawbacks however, it is conducted under ideal conditions and sometimes there may be difficulties in applying it to the real world. There are however two main categories of research numeric and Qualitative. duodecimal research follows the scientific model and has a series of clearly defined steps. Quantitative research ProcessIdentify an getting even Gather information? State the hypothesis? Review the literature? Design the study? Gather the data? Evaluate the findings Qualitative Research Qualitative research differs from quantitative in that it is a less unidimensional process. It more often involves gathering information about individuals by observing them in their natural environment or through interviews. This type of research takes place in the field rather than the laboratory. The information is productive and varied and subject to the interpretation of the researcher. This is one of its limitations. Nurse researchers can be winding in either quantitative or qualitative research, but most importantly, nursing research should be able to be applied to psychiatric nursing practice. hither is a list of some research projects of psychiatric nurses Examples of research studies conducted by nurses in Psychiatric Nursing and Mental wellness topics Client expectatio n and light of the nurses role in relationship to client satisfaction. A comparative study of widows and widowers perceived social support during the first year of bereavement. The effects of cognitive-behavioral nursing intervention for depressed patients and their families. Factors affecting staff nurses use of limit setting with disruptive patients. Nurses attitudes toward the unsafe patient.Nursing interventions with long-term patients in pretend to their physical appearance An evaluation study. The nurses therapeutic use of trouble as related to withdrawn patients. noticeable signs of anxiety or distress during psychiatric interviews conducted by nurses. Patient and situational factors that affect nursing students like or dislike of caring for patients A study of alcoholic patients perception of the role of the nurse. A study of the authority level of nurses in caring for patients with depression. A study of psychiatric patients knowledge about their prescribed medication s. Question What do you think would be a good research topic for psychiatric nurses? Some terms to Learn in Relation to Research