Hello My fellow classmates Essay

1.You have a friend who is of Jewish heritage however, she has no religious belief. She asks you why, if God is good, He permitted the Holocaust to happen. What would you tell her?2.You indispensability to exchange your professor that the reading load he has assigned is too heavy, condition that you also have to write a research paper. You are postulation him to eliminate one book from the class assignments so that you can concentrate on your own research.3.You are writing an article for a theological journal arguing that heaven and hell must be mum as literal, physical places (as opposed to metaphorical or symbolic states of mind).4.You want to start exercising for 30 minutes per day, but your spouse doesnt want to. How would you kindly convince your spouse to join you?5.You are reviewing a book manuscript for a university press. Although the book is skillfully and stylishly written, you telephone it may obscure or leave out some eventful facts that need to be pointed out. How would you point this out (without suggesting the book is bad and shouldnt be accepted)?

Environment degradation Essay

This is the deterioration of the environs through depletion of resources for instance water, flat coat and hitherto air. In surroundal degradation, the ecosystem is destroyed and wildlife undergoes extinction. There are numerous forms of environmental degradation that are of negative impact to agriculture. For instance, when habitats are destroyed, biodiversity is lost(p) and natural resources are depleted. The environment is most affected as organisms which gift it life are no more (Schertenleib, Forster & Belevi, n. d). The earthworms that enrich turd stinkiness are killed by soil pollution.This means that if earthworms are all eliminated, the soil will not be fertile. The degradation of the environment can make it naturally, or through human processes which includes different kinds of pollution. Areas of concern in the alike concept are loss of rain forests, air pollutions and the ozone depletion. The marine environment is also affected. These kinds of pollutions are kn own to occur all over the world and the blame is on the people themselves for the activities they carry out. This has poisoned the planets oceans and even the remote areas. Major disasters like oil spills construct ruined the local anaesthetic environment.All these hazards can be curbed by individuals by stopping the changeless pollution of the environment. To whatever extents, different organizations have been formed to help rehabilitate locations that have been affected. One way to do this is urban agriculture. With urban agriculture, the environment can be conserved since the wastes from industries can be converted to be fertilizers in the farms around the cities. Statistical facts It is estimated that 50% of the worlds nations outlive in cities (UNFPA, 2007). In the cities, most populations settle in that location for various reasons such(prenominal) as studies and seeking for employment.As economic pressures mount, the urban population engages in urban agriculture as l abor is available with large population in urban centers. The growing of crops and rearing of animals in the urban areas has survive common. About 800 million people are involved in urban agriculture world wide and this has contributed to the feeding urban residents (Schertenleib, Forster & Belevi, n. d). It is definite that with viands production or rather the general production of farm outputs, the metropolis residents can get a plenty supply of food in their respective areas of residence.With large populations in the cities and with plenty food products from urban agriculture, there will not be any instance of food deficiency. urban residents with busted in settle spend between 40 percentage and 60 percent of their income on food every year (RUAF, n. d). The only remedy to this is that these low income residents can start practicing urban agriculture to supplement the expenditures on food. If they get into in urban agriculture, they will be able to save up to 60% of their i ncomes at the end of each year (Neondo, 2003).The money they would have spent on buying food can be saved and used to develop other areas of the economy. This means a lot of to the increase of the economy of the dispelicular country. It is expected that by 2015, about 26 cities in the world will have a population of 10 million or even more (FAO, n. d). To be able to manage these populations, countries are obliged to concentrate in urban agriculture because they have fine choices left. It is therefore encouraged for urban dwellers to practice heavily on urban agriculture, with an objective of keeping the country away from food shortage come 2015(FAO, n.d). 2. The spectrum of urban agriculture and the function of relevant organizations Urban agriculture has some aspects that distinguish it from rural agriculture. One of them is the fact that it is integrated into the urban economic and ecological system. It is evident that urban agriculture is embedded in the urban ecosystem of wh ich it interacts with. Such linkages involve using urban residents as laborers and the use of veritable(prenominal) urban resources for instance organic waste as compost and urban waste water for irrigation.In urban agriculture, there is a drive link with urban consumers and direct positive and negative impacts on urban ecology (Amin, 2002). Urban agriculture is also characterized by being part of the urban food system and competing for urban land with other urban functions. It is also influenced by other urban policies and plans. Some of the organizations that influence urban agriculture both directly and indirectly are Food and agriculture Organization (FAO), Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC), Urban and Peri-urban kitchen-gardening (UPA), and the Resource Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF Foundation)

Backstroke and Easy Roll

Easy Roll Easy sports stadium is a newly designed Simple Machine that is mathematical functionful to every angiotensin converting enzyme. It is durable, useful, convenient and subservient Various things can be put inside the Easy roll like shopping bags, food and beverages for divulgeings, books and notebooks and other things that fit the machine. The companys main goal in making the machine is to solve our problems. Usually, in rainy seasons, we complain that our things get wet. With the help of their product, our things exit be defend because of the c all overing provided by the machine. Another problem is the weight of what we ar carrying.With the use of the Easy roll, what we go away be carrying ordain weigh less and it would be easier to move them to places. There is alike a small compartment at the glare part of the inside of Easy roll so that people could discontinue some objects desired to be separated. It has different parts which has different uses. It is also c omposed of different simple machines like the revolve and axle, screws, and a wedge. The wheel and axle in Easy roll is the wheels for it to easily be moved from one place to another. The screws are the ones that hold some parts together. The wedge is the zip up because it splits the plastic cover into two.Back shock HISTORY OF BACKSTROKE backstroke is an ancient musical mode of naiant, who owes most of what it has to Harry Hebner. It was the second stroke to be swum in competitions by and by the front crawl. The first Olympic swim competition was the 1900 Paris Olympics mens 200 metre. Backstroke has a similar speed to butterfly. Race quantify for the butterfly are superior to those for the backstroke mostly because the former allows a racing start from poolside and the latter does not. In races beyond 200 steps, backstroke would actually be the faster of the two, though it mainly depends on the stamina of the swimmer.The maximum swimming speed for backstroke is around 1. 89 meter per second. Due to its position on the back, backstroke uses some different muscles in the upper body than other styles. WHAT IS BACKSTROKE? A swimming stroke performed on ones back, especially one using alternating over encircle strokes and a flutter kick For starters, backstroke swimming obviously contracts the individual to muck up ON HIS BACK, and this is something that most beginners are slightly hesitant to do. The breathing flesh here can be more relaxed, as compared to other swimming strokes, as the persons head will always be above the wet Tips for Backstroke Swimming engage Your Shoulders Your shoulders play a very important role season backstroke swimming, and you need to move them around completely and forcefully. The manner in which your shoulders move should resemble the motion of a person rowing a boat. You essential also try to achieve as much remoteness with your develops as possible while rotating your shoulders. Kicking You need to be constantly kicking down into the water system in order to travel yourself forward. In backstroke swimming, your heels are entering the water first, so you must ensure that you never stop kicking. If you happen to stop kicking, you will regard your lower body heavier to drag and manage.All basic backstroke swimming techniques require rapid and constant movement of the legs. Free Breathing Your head will always be above the surface of the water, so you can come about as you want. Proper Backstroke Swimming Technique Positioning your frame make the transition from the starting position to swimming as if you are lying matted on your bed (with a pillow underneath your head). Push your stomach out and up toward the ceiling while placing the eye as flat as you can. Head Movement Once you move from your starting position, the head will lead the way and support you on the water. liberate your neck as you propel through the water, which will in deform keep the head steady without jerking it too much. A parking area mistake is that most beginners keep the head too high up from the water. This mistake can occur when your head is too far backward in hopes of keeping water away from your face. Arms Movement You terminate the right arm and guide with the thumb till the arm reaches the alike level as the shoulder. Turn the right palm outward so that the little experience guides the entire movement. While the right arm is doing its job, your remaining top is extending to your side, leading the way, and helping you balance the entire body.The little finger of your right arm goes in the water first, taking the entire arm inside with it, you will bend the right elbow, flex your left arms radiocarpal joint and push your left hand towards the feet. cargo area pushing with your left hand till the elbow is true(p) again and being lifted to mime what the right arm just did. Follow the same technique as the right arm and begin another stroke Legs and Feet Movement Keep your leg s together, as close as possible throughout the entire stroke. Use Flutter Kick Common Backstroke Mistakes Head Position enclose Chin A common mistake that you might come across is crumpleing your chin while swimming backstroke.This forces your head to come high out of the water, creating resistance as you swim. Another problem you might face Your body always wants to be in alignment. In other words, your feet want to be under your head. If you look forward and tuck your chin, your feet want to drop underneath you to the pool floor. Its nearly impossible to keep your hips afloat if you tuck your chin. If you look up, though, your feet want to be stretched out behind you. HOW TO bushel? Relax your neck. If you do, your body will straighten out. Youll notice that your eyes are immediately looking straight up toward the sky or ceiling.If you have a really bad habit of tucking your chin, try to push your chin up toward the ceiling more. Feel the water start to splash slightly over your forehead Common Backstroke Mistakes Body Position Flat automobile trunk If youre like many other backstrokers, your shoulders might stay flat in the water as you swim. This can lead to shoulder injury. To aspirate water in this position, youll reach behind you and strain your shoulders. Also, youre not pulling as much water as you can because your arm is at a poor angle to grip the water. Instead, you should have an all-encompassing shoulder rotation.Rotating your shoulders will ease any strain while pulling. It will also make your pull stronger, since youll be able to get a better catch. HOW TO FIX? Rotate your hips and shoulders simultaneously. To exaggerate this rotation, try a recital called Barrel Roll. Push off the wall and leave your arms at your sides. As you kick, rotate your body from side-to-side like a lay floating and rolling in the water. Try to make the transitions are as smooth as possible. Take it slow. As you rotate, tap your shoulder to your chin. This will let you know if youre rotating as far as you can.Common Backstroke Mistakes Legs Bent Knees Youve probably seen someones knees breaking the surface of the water while swimming backstroke. Even though its easy to see, it unattackable to feel. Kicking with bent knees is inefficient. Kicking like this creates resistance in the water, creating an inefficient, non-rhythmic stroke. HOW TO FIX? Keep your legs as straight as you can. Kick from your hips. To practice this, catch up with a shape up and hold it over your knees. Keep your arms straight so that you can steady the board, and relax it over your legs. Allow the board to float on the surface of the water as you grip it.

Identity: Romeo and Juliet and External Forces Essay

The Impact of External and subjective Forces on Ones individuation What is identicalness? If you look in the dictionary, it will sound come forward you that individualism is what defines soulfulness or something. al whizz when thither is much to the meaning behind individuality than what is said in the dictionary. personal identity is complex and c shinees all over clipping in response to two main factors. One factor that poop m r ar ones individuation is the chock ups in spite of appearance of you, versed forces. An example of an midland force is sexual activityual lamb. Our recognise and softheartedness for someone or something bathroom fly the coop us to do things different than than a someone who doesnt ask the uniform gradation of honey towards that psyche or object. The otherwisewise factors that spate piddle a grapheme in adjoining our identity are out-of-door factors. External forces invoke to the forces that are in our environment . An example of an external force that c stumblein nail ask ones identity is a psyche.If a person subject fields to you a whole divide and you are estimateing to prevent something bad from disaster to him or her, wouldnt you stop at nothing to prevent it from fortuity? This urge to prevent something bad from misfortune to the person you care intimately would probably have an impression on your actions and general identity. To synthesize, identity changes in response to both native and external forces, meaning that one force does not outweigh the other. Both internal and external forces work in concert to form a persons identity as they age in that locationfore, identity is light upon by both external and internal forces. research bears that identity pile be scratched by external forces. In C. Seefeldts article Factors Affecting Social Development, he confirms that identity is mold by external forces, much specifically, where we are raised, family, and school af fect our schooling.In the article, Seefeldt states that those exposed to domestic ab manipulation, gang violencedo not feel safe or impregn adequate to(p). And that their insecurity will interfere with their summate suppuration, meaning that pip-squeakren are much standardizedly to feel less secure and unguaranteed if they grow up in or around unsafe communities and bad influences (Seefeldt). create mentally yourself as a small infant. Wouldnt it be scary to grow up around drug addicts, thugs, and gangs? Wouldnt you be scared of the constant danger lurking around e very(prenominal) corner? beneficial wearing the wrong colors force out curiosity your spirit. Or possibly even things that you tail assemblyt control corresponding your ethnicity hatful end you up in a coffin. If you grew up around all these wr etceteraed situations, wouldnt these things make you feel unsafe and less secure? Overall, the source telling us that growing up as a sister in an unsafe commu nity squeeze out mess with their total development demonstrates that identity stub be formed by external forces. hardly not entirely does the writer show us that growing up around negative forces shape ones identity, he besides tells us that proves play a role in a childs boilers suit development. As the article goes on, the writer states that parents who are social themselves serve as models for their children. Children may be able to use the image of their parents interacting with others in their protest attempts to make friends with other children, presentation that parents interactions with their witness peers, rear reflect on their childs social s killings too. Have you ever heard the saw a alike(p) father, like son or like spawn like daughter? People unremarkably say this because they cope with something in the child that resembles the parent. This usually happens because the children follow patterns of behavior from their parents.The child endure maybe mod el how his parent talks or base even copy straightforward things like how his parent walks. precisely did you know the bearing a parent socializes can reflect on the childs social development? The article tells us that children can use the image of their parents socializing in their own attempts in making friends and universe social themselves, and that parents who are more secure and competent offer children a model of security to shew their own social skills. Ultimately, Seefeldt stating that parents can affect a childs development confirms that identity can be shaped by external forces once again.Around at the end of the article, Seefeldt also states that In plus to a childs family, the instructor becomes an agent of socialization presenting the appraisal that teachers can also have an printing on a childs identity. Have you ever had a teacher that has affected your life? As the human beings, we all have teachers in our lives. Whether it be inside the classroom or o ut. They can teach us anything from math to in worth(predicate) life lessons. And according to the article, they can also set new or different standards for social behaviors meaning that without our teachers, we probably wouldnt know secure from wrong. all told in all, our environment, parents, and teachers, all external forces, can shape us in a negative or a arbitrary way.In Aida Bortniks short story Celestes Heart, Celeste is shaped by external forces in a positive way, because her elfin chum salmon causes her to go from a voiceless girl to a strong-willed lady. As Celeste was position her little brother to sleep, after yet another punishment from her teacher at school, her brother, as usual, asks her when he was personnel casualty to start to go to school, But that evening she didnt laugh and she didnt think up an answer. Celeste being speechless in this situation shows yet how scared she is for her brothers future (Bortnik 65). Celestes brothers question makes her thin k of him torment the same kind of punishment as she does. Even though Celestes brother isnt spill to go to her school for a broad metre, she worries for his future. Celeste is the merely girl in her class that doesnt complain when the teacher punishes the class, nevertheless as soon as she starts thinking vindicatory round her brother enduring the same kind of mistreatment as she does, she realizes what she has to do.So the next time her teacher punished the class, she rebuked against the rough treatment for her brothers sake. Imagine yourself in Celestes shoes. Imagine your little sibling having to put your pass up simultaneously for a long period of time. Wouldnt you be worried and scared for your siblings future? Wouldnt you do anything so that your sibling wouldnt go done the same punishment as you? This is exactly what Celeste is doing. Ultimately, Celeste rebelling against her teacher and risking further punishment in tack together(p) so that her brother wont end ure the same punishment as her confirms that Celestes get laid, an external force, affects her in a positive way.In William Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is shaped in a positive way by external forces as rise because the feels that she and Romeo have because they cause her to go from a nave, obedient girl to a mature, self-assured woman. In the commencement act of the play, Lady Capulet asks Juliet if she can yield Paris turn in. Juliet responds that shell try to like if looking liking move, but she wont fall for him more than her mothers consent gives strength to make it fly, showing us that she is still too immature to make her own decisions and immature overall (1.3.99-101). She also shows us that she is childish in the way she thinks when she says that marriage is an remark that she doesnt think close to(predicate) (1.3.66). But after encountering Romeo, we see her need a more adult persona. For example, during the balcony scene, Juliet says that the love they have for each other is too like lightning and that it is a bud of love still under(a) summers ripening breath and the next time they meet, the rush will be beautiful, showing us that Juliet is mature comely to get by that she is going too fast and recommends that the both of them take things slower.Not only that, but when Romeo asks Juliet to marry him, she asks where and what time theyll get married and adds that shell follow him end-to-end the world wherever he goes. Juliet deciding to marry Romeo and going with him wherever he goes shows us that she is now mature enough to make her own decisions (2.2.146-148). And finally, we see Juliets encounters with Romeo change her even more towards the end of the play. She complains that she has bought the planetary house of love but not yet possessed it and even though she is s overaged, she is not yet enjoyed, meaning that Juliet requirements to move in with Romeo and have sex with him already (3.2.26-27).All these events hap pen right after Romeo and Juliets counterbalance encounter at the Capulet party. And after that, we see start seeing Juliet change, more and more after or during every meeting with Romeo. From something little like having the ability to make her own decisions, to something life-sized like changing her psyche about marriage. It is a well-known fact that the different populate we encounter in our lives can change our identities drastically or subtlely. For Juliet, this person is Romeo. As the play progresses, we see how Romeo changes her identity both drastically and subtlely. The way she acts and the way she thinks change all because of the moments she has with Romeo. Overall, Juliet changing from an obedient and nave girl to a capable, mature and self-assured woman because of the encounters she has with Romeo proves that she is shaped by external forces in a positive way. In K.L. Goings novel angel Iggy, we can see that Iggy is shaped by external factors in a neutral way becau se the lack of presence and seemly parenting of his parents causes him to look for other tribes help other than his parents during a hard time.When Iggy comes legal residence from getting kicked out of school he wants to tell his parents all about it, but he cant because his mom went visiting someone and probably isnt coming back, and his atomic number 91 is stoned off his a**. Here we see that Iggy wants to tell his parents about what happened at school, but he cant because his mom isnt home and his dad is fill doing drugs (Going 1). So instead of seeking help from his parents, he decides to get forth from his dad and go to his friend Mos place because he wants to seek his help and also because thats the only place he can think of (15-18). Iggy not wanting(p) to be around his dad during this hard time shows us that the lack of proper parenting from his dad causes Iggy to not want anything to do with his dad and decides to face the situation without him. Iggy also shows on t he dot how much he doesnt want any of his parents help by seeking help from his friend.As we grow up our parents are usually the ones that get us through hard times no matter what theyre going through in their own lives. And we usually accept their much needed help and attention because we probably cant go through it on our own or with anyone else. But for Iggy, his parents havent been there for him during the hard times in his life since he was a little kid. Iggy probably lost trust in the fact that his parents are going to be there for him during this hardship. So instead of going to his parents like any other kid with good parents would do, he goes to his friend. Ultimately, Iggy going to his friend for help instead of his parents shows us that the lack of presence and proper guidance from his parents, an external force, causes him to seek other peoples help.In Edgar Allan Poes short story The Tell-Tale Heart, the cashiers identity is shaped by the centre of attention because he is coaxed by the eye to kill the man, showing that external forces can affect ones identity negatively as well. As the narrator was whining about the eye of the old man, he says whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran coldI made up my intellect to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever. The narrator telling us his horrid thoughts conveys just how irritated and sick of the dread vulture eye (Poe 1). He feels so sick that he plots to kill the old man, not for who he is, but simply for his so called dreaded eye. You can also infer just by how the narrator talks about the eye that it drives him to the point where he cannot hold the hysteria inside. handle when the narrator finally saw the old mans eye after many nights of spying on him just to see his ineffable eye and to murder him, he describes the eye as a pall blue, with a hideous veil over it that chilled the very marrow in his bones(4). It is a known fact that a person can dislike a person for an action or a trait however, they keep their feelings inside and go on with their lives because they have control over themselves. But the narrator just cant do the unproblematic act of keeping his feelings inside and going on with life, instead, he murders the old man just to stop having to look at the dreaded eye. This shows that the old mans eye, an external force, influences the narrator to feel sick to his stomach, and last end the old mans life forever.Not only can external forces have an impact on your identity, but internal forces can mold ones identity as well. In the article Adolescent Identity Development, the author confirms that internal forces can shape our identity as well. As the writer talks about the different dimensions of identity, he tells us that our self-identity shapes our perceptions of belonging, meaning that the way we see ourselves usually determine how we respond to different factors in our environment and how we react to them. In our lives, there ca n be many factors inside of us that can shape our identity, whether it be love, the drive to see someone, jealousy, or a appetite for precedent (Adolescent Identity Development).What the article is saying is that these forces can shape how we see and respond to society. For example, if you are a weak little boy growing up around gangs, you might see the top executive of gangs engaging and choose to indulge in illegal activities purely for your lust for origin. Or if youre head over heels in love with someone, your love may shape your actions and choices. Maybe even your willingness to see someone can cause you to do something you wouldnt normally do. All in all, these forces can either lead you to do something good, bad, or both.In O. Henrys short story The Gift of the Magi, the main character della is shaped by internal forces and shows us that internal forces can affect a person positively because her passion for Jim causes her to sacrifice one of her most valuable possession s, her hair, just so she can get him a good Christmas present. But not only does she sacrifice her hair for him, but also the opportunity to use the money she got from selling her hair to make up off her expenses. We can tell that not a lot of money came to Della and that she had many expenses to pay off because as the narrator was describing her life, he says twenty dollars a week doesnt go far. Expenses had been greater then she calculated they always are (Henry 2). And we can also tell that Dellas hair was worth a lot to her because the narrator tells us that there were two possessions of Dellas family that were valuable, one was Jims watchthe other was Dellas hair (3).We can see that Della loves Jim very much because she would much rather buy Jim a present than pay off her expenses or keep her hair. As human beings, it is normal for us to feel affection or fall in love with something, whether that something is a person, TV show, or a hobby. And we all have made sacrifices for t hings we love (flirting, doing homework, free time). But the love we have for that person, object, or hobby determines how big of a sacrifice we would make. For Della, her love for Jim causes her to sacrifice one of the only valuable things she owns, her hair. Her love for Jim makes her feel morally obligated to give him a present, or otherwise feel guilty. We can infer that Della probably didnt want to slim down her hair, but then again, if she didnt come up with enough money to get Jim a decent present, she would feel guilty. Dellas love for Jim also causes her to not use the money for her hair on something else, her expenses.Ultimately, Della choosing to cut her hair and spend the money for a present for her dear Jim shows that she is shaped by her incredible love for Jim in a positive way, an internal force. In Mark Haddons novel The Curious misfortune of the drag in the Night-Time, Christopher is shaped by internal forces in a positive way as well because his drive to see an d live with his mother gets him to do things we wouldnt expect from a person with autism. When his mother was explaining the time when Chris and her were a buying a Christmas gift, she says that Chris broke down because he was frighten of all of the people in the shop. Chris breaking down because of the amount of people in a certain place shows us that he did not like lots if strangers around him (Haddon 106). But later in his life, Chris goes on a train all by himself to London, just so he can finally see his mother. Chris also tells us that he doesnt like new places because he sees everything (140).Chris not liking new places shows us that he is scared of the immaterial world, But once we start to discredit Chris ability to go out into the world, he surprises us and proves us wrong. He goes on a whole adventure to places he does not know, just in the name to see his mother. It is a known fact that sacrifices are a part of our lives. We make them for our own desires and our love d ones. Our sacrifices can be big or small depending on what we intend to accomplish. For Chris we see him make a big sacrifice by doing something he horribly hates, going to a new place with lots of people (subway).We see that Christophers drive to see his mom causes him to do things he would never do under normal circumstances. We can infer that Chris probably hated being on the train but his willingness to reunite with his mother caused him to tough it out and stay inside. We can only imagine how grueling this experience for Christopher was. exclusively imagine not liking the feeling of being surrounded by people you dont know and being in the same situation as Chris. Would you have stayed in that area? Chances are, if you didnt have a reason to be there and go through that twinge like Chris, you wouldnt stick around at all. Overall, Christopher is shaped by internal forces in a positive way because his drive to see his mother causes him to sacrifice staying home and being secl uded from the world like how he usually likes and going out into the world..In Frank Stocktons short story The Lady or the Tiger, the princess shows us that internal forces can affect a persons identity either positively or negatively, because the portion of savageness inside of her and her love for the jejuneness lead her to do things she doesnt want to, see things that arent really happening, and can ultimately lead to the death or happiness of the jejuneness. When the day of the youths trial arrived, the princess attended it. But had it not been for the moiety of barbarism in her nature it is probably that the lady would not have been there.The princess attending the trial even though she doesnt want to shows that the princess herself does not want to attend the youths trial, but she goes to it anyway to satisfy her risky desires. Have you ever done something that one side of you disagrees about doing it, but the other side totally agrees with your decision? This is what exac tly is happening to the princess.One half of her doesnt want to attend the trial, but the barbaric side of her coaxes her to do it anyways, ultimately showing that the barbarism the princess inside of her controls her choices and well-being. But the princess identity is not only shaped by her barbarism, but also by the love and affection she has for the youth. As the narrator was talking about a lady that the princess despises, he says that the princess had often seen or imagined that she had seen, this fair savage throwing glances of admiration upon the person of her lover, and sometimes she thought these glances were perceived, and even returned, showing that the princess love for the youth is clouding her mind from the truth and reality (8).The princess starts assuming that her love is being charmed by the lady and that she might lose the youth to her. These assumptions make the princess very jealous and envy of the lady. Not only do the princess barbaric desires and love for th e youth trick her mind, but could very well end the youths life, or simply salvage it. All in all, the princess exhibiting that internal forces can shape ones identity in either a positive or negative proves that internal forces can make an impression on a persons identity positively or negatively.In his memoir perpetually course, Luis Rodriguez shows us that internal forces can affect a persons identity in a totally negative way because his thirst for force-out causes him to go from a helpless little boy to a power thirsty hooligan. When Luis was in school one day, Thee Mystics, a powerful and prestigious gang, raided his school. As the ruckus slowly came dangerously towards Luis way, he was riveted, riveted by the power Thee Mystics possessed. When Thee Mystics finished their raid, Luis says that he cherished this power and wanted to be able to bring a whole school to its knees and even make the teachers sophisticate. He also states that They had left their mark on the schoo l- and on me (Rodriguez 42). aft(prenominal) Luis sees how Thee Mystics good took control of his school, he wanted one thing they had, power.He wanted to finally be able to overcome the weal and dread(a) reputation he was labeled as, and finally obtain what he wanted when he wanted it. Not only can you see the imprint this day made on Luis throughout the book (starts getting into trouble, begins to hang out with the wrong people, and eventually gets kicked out of school), but he confesses it as well. Power is what everyone secretly craves in their lives. Especially for an immigrant like Luis who was always pushed asunder and left out simply he wasnt an American citizen. So when Luis saw Thee Mystics power, he saw gangs as a quencher for his thirst of power. Luis just wanted a break from being taken advantage of by Rano, by teachers, by the cruel prejudiced society he lived in. Ultimately, Luis wanting power at an early age after he witnessed how easily Thee Mystics brought his sc hool to its knees proves that he is influenced by his desire of power, an internal force, in a negative way. Both internal and external forces can shape a persons identity and how they turn out to be.I can use my own life as evidence for this because you can unquestionably see the imprint of both forces on my identity. My desire to be the outflank is one of the biggest internal forces that shape me because it causes me to go to try my hardest in everything I do. Myself in school would be a good example of me pushing myself to be the best. Whenever I get assigned to do something, I try my hardest to produce the best piece of work I can. Whether it is an essay or a simple worksheet, I will try my hardest to make it perfect. I also try to make my grades the highest they can. If I have an A I will try my hardest to make it a higher A. My desire for graven image can also be seen in everything I do outside of school. Like if my parents make me vacuum the house I will literally spend ho urs to make the house the cleanest it can possibly be. When I do something I try to do it at the best possible degree I can. This obsessiveness for beau ideal usually leads me to do things other people wouldnt do.Things like staying up until 1 am to write one paragraph and trying my hardest on improving an A grade. Overall, my desire for perfection and to be the best reflects on my identity, but not only do internal forces affect my identity, but external forces act on my identity as well, more specifically, my parents because they make me want to keep on stock for success when things get hard. This encouragement from my parents causes me to not only get through hard times, but it also causes me to get good grades. In fact, without them, I dont believe I would be where I am in terms of school because they are my inspiration in doing well in school. Ultimately, both internal and external forces shape who I am because my desire to be the best in everything I do and my parents causes me to be the person I am today.In conclusion, identity changes overtime in response to both external and internal forces, meaning that people can choose what their identity is shaped by to a certain extent, but there are still things in our environment that can affect our identity too. Studies show that external forces can shape identity because people, objects, and other things in our environment all have the power to mold us either negatively or positively as we mature. Not only does research show us that ones identity can be shaped by external forces, but characters from stories also prove the same. Characters like Celeste from Celestes Heart, Juliet from Romeo and Juliet, Iggy from Saint Iggy, and the narrator from The Tell-Tale Heart show us that identity can be molded by external forces, but not only can identity be shaped by external forces, identity can also be shaped by internal forces.Research also shows us that Identity can be shaped by forces inside of us like our love, hatred, etc. Like external forces, internal forces can shape ones identity in a positive way, or negative way. Della from The Gift of the Magi, Chris from The Curious Incident of the frump in the Night-Time, the princess from The Lady or the Tiger, and Luis from Always Running are all excellent examples of internal forces affecting a persons identity. My life can be used to exhibit the effect of both internal and external forces on a persons life. To sum it up, external and internal forces can shape a persons identity negatively or positively.Works CitedAdolescent Identity Development. ACTforyouth.net. ACT for Youth Center of Excellence, 2013. Web. 15 Jan. 2013. Poe, Edgar A. The Tell-Tale Heart. Complete Stories of Edgar Allan Poe. New York Bantum Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1984. 1-7. Print. Bortnik, Aida. Celestes Heart. Sudden Fiction Latino Short-Stories from the United States and Latin America. Ed. Robert Shapard, James Thomas, and Ray Gonzalez. New York W.W. Norton and Company, 2010. 64-66. Print. Going, K. L. Saint Iggy. Orlando Harcourt, 2008. Print.Haddon, Mark. The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time. New York Random House, 2004. Print. Henry, O. The Gift of the Magi. Gutenberg.com. Project Gutenberg, n.d. Web. 2 Aug. 2012. Rodriguez, Luis. Always Running. New York Simon & Schuster, 2005. Print. Seefeldt, C. Factors Affecting Social Development. Education.com. Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall, 2011. Web. 10 Jan. 2013. Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. New York start out Publishing, 2003. Print. Stockton, Frank. The Lady or the Tiger? The Norton Anthology of Short Stories. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York W. W. Norton and Company, 1998. 1-13. Print.

Cointelpro and the Assassination of Malcolm X Essay

During the early 1950s, Malcolm X was the top spokes worldly concern for the Black Nationalist Muslim group called the Nation of Islam (NOI). As the national representative of the NOI, Malcolm X attracted the media spotlight by speaking pop out against the in practicedices that were being inflicted upon nigrify Ameri smokes in the United States (Haley 225). Malcolm subsequently separated from the NOI collectible to accusations of immoral behavior he made against his leader, Elijah Muhammad, and went on to form his cause group called Muslim Mosque Inc. 323).Malcolm was despatchd February 21, 1965, at the Audubon ballroom in Harlem revolutionary York, by black gunmen who were alleged to be members of the Nation of Islam (442-443). According to the concord The Assassination of Malcolm X by George Breitman, the Federal dressing table of Investigation (FBI) downstairs the direction of J. Edgar Hoover made Malcolm the subject of an intensive surveillance investigating by the Co unter Intelligence Program known by its acronym Cointelpro (13).Malcolm, as a Muslim minister in the NOI, had become a correctly speaker equipped with the oratorical skills which provided him the ability to attract large pursuits of black people into his new organization. However, Hoover had labeled Malcolm a subversive and a natural black nationalist whom he felt needed to be neutralized (14). What did Hoover mean by neutralize? And did the Nation of Islam assassinate Malcolm X, or was this a government conspiracy?These cardinal theories will be addressed in nightclub to answer these questions and others that stand been unanswered for 48 years. Cointelpro was a FBI top secret and illegal political agency, the main agenda of which was to tar approach specific individuals and organizations whose ideas Hoover did non agree with (Blackstock, preface vii). redden though the broadcast was initially demoraliseed in 1956 to disrupt the activities of the Communist society of the U nited States, policies were secretly changed under the direction of its founder, Hoover in coiffure to target other organizations (9).Even though the name Counterintelligence may connote oppo ragion to any ane who threatens the security of the United States through espionage, the targets were not enemy spies (10). The FBIs main objective under this program was to eliminate all radical political opposition inside the United States by any nitty-gritty necessary (10-11). When traditional methods such as harassment and prosecution failed, the Bureau resorted to illegal and unconstitutional methods by taking the law into its own workforce (11).Methods such as intimidation, job loss, violence, and forging letters in order to frame members were just a few tactics used by FBI genes and legal philosophy informants who had infiltrated targeted organizations (12-13). In instructions to his FBI field operatives, Hoover displayed the outright contempt that he held for the Civil Rights Move ment and its black leaders (28). In one specific memo dated August 25, 1967, he explains that the purpose of the program was to expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize the Civil Rights Movement (30).Even though the memo was revealed by Hoover in 1967, two years afterwards Malcolms death, tactics had been put into action long in the beginning it was distributed as a memo to his agents (30). On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X prepared to give a speech to a bunch of approximately 400 at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem, New York (Evanzz xiv). As he approached the rostrum, a scuffle began in the rear of the ballroom (xv). One of the men yelled Get your business deal out of my pocket. Malcolm responded by telling the two individuals who were scuffling to cool it and to not get excited (xv).As Malcolm tried to calm things down, a large effusion in the back was heard from a smoke bomb, and a man sitting in the front row pulled out a look-alike barreled sawed-off sho tgun from under his long coat and fired at Malcolm, striking him in the chest (xv). As Malcolm was falling and clutching his chest, two more men rushed the stage, firing pistols at him (xv). Betty Shabazz, Malcolms married woman, and agent Roberts, his mean friend and luggage compartmentguard came to Malcolms aid along with others close by (xv). Meanwhile, a crowd of Malcolms supporters had caught two of the fleeing assailants and were beating them until they were deliver by policemen (xvii).One of the men rescued by police was Talmadge Hayer, a black Muslim, who had a gunshot wound from one of Malcolm Xs bodyguards and was set aboutn to the hospital across the street from the Audubon (xvi). Malcolm X was pronounced loose 15 minutes after they got him to the hospital (xvi). Who killed Malcolm X? Examine the following scenarios. Initially, it was reported by Malcolms guards, the New York City police and topical anesthetic newspapers that two men were taken into police custody (xviii). In afterwards newspaper editions, it was changed from two men to one. No reason was given for the emergent change and no admission of a mistake ever mentioned (xv). practice of law vehemently denied that a stand by man had existed and that Hayer was the still person caught at the scene (xviii). Five days later, Norman butler, and Thomas Johnson, two known Muslims were arrested and charged with the murder of Malcolm X, even though they had concrete alibis placing them elsewhere, evidence the public prosecutor withheld at the trial (Evanzz xviii). Hayer had confessed to his involvement in Malcolms death and testified that Butler and Johnson were neither present nor involved in the black lotion but that intravenous feeding other gunmen were involved (xviii-xx). The question stiff to this day Who was the mysterious second man?Why did the first police report and witnesses inside the Audubon study they saw five men who were involved in the assassination, yet only three were accused and convicted at the trial (xv, xviii)? It should also be renowned that many of Malcolms bodyguards and aides were Muslim defectors from the Nation of Islam and would have accepted Butler and Johnson immediately and prevented them from coming in (xv). Roland Sheppard was a journalist who on a regular basis attended Malcolms lectures and was also a witness to his assassination.In his denomination The Assassination of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. he stated that he was told by one of Malcolms bodyguards, You are not way out to sit here today and to move from the front row where he ordinarily would sit. Sheppard, along with Malcolm and his group, always knew that on that point were police agents and informants in the audience. aft(prenominal) Malcolms assassination, Sheppard was questioned at the Harlem police forelandquarters, where he saw a familiar face, patently a police officer, walking freely around the office, whom he had seen stand up in the firs t row at the Audubon Ballroom, with other men, before the start of the meeting.This is where Hayer said he and his accomplices were sitting (Sheppard). This was also the same row of pose Sheppard was told to move from. Sheppard also noticed that usually at Malcolms meetings, there would be somewhere between 30-50 uniformed police officers on office (Sheppard). But when Malcolm was assassinated, the police were nowhere to be found, even though Malcolm had warned them that an assassination attempt was imminent (Sheppard). Police officials claim that Malcolm had requested not to have police protection that day (Sheppard).However, when the police first spoke of this sympathy with Malcolm, his wife, Betty Shabazz, stated that it was a lie, that Malcolm had not made the request for no police security (Sheppard). Malcolm knew from his experience with the Nation of Islam that his organization had been infiltrated by police agents who were undercover working for the government (Evanzz xx iii). But what would have shocked Malcolm the most is that his head of security and close friend Roberts, was one of them (xv).Roberts was a police agent working for New York Police Departments Bureau of special Services, also known as BOSSI (xxiii). This was the same bodyguard who told Sheppard to move from where he normally sits at Malcolms meetings. The night of the assassination, Roberts, as usual, posted guards in their proper positions and took his post as well (xv). Once Malcolm came to the rostrum and greeted the crowd with, As-Salaam Alaikum, Roberts subtly gave a signal that he needed to be ameliorate from his guard post (xv).As soon as Roberts walked away and stationed himself by the front entrance, the commotion started in the rear of the ballroom and shots were fired (xv). Is it just a coincidence that Roberts had himself relieved from the guard post and soon after, the guesswork started? As Malcolm lay on the ground gasping for air, Roberts, who had changed guard po st seconds before the shooting, rushed to the stage to Malcolms side and appeared to be administering backtalk to mouth (Evanzz 295).Betty Shabazz, Malcolms wife, went his side and removed a piece of paper from Malcolms blood stained coat jacket, that had the names of the five men whom Malcolm believed were button to assassinate him (295). Finally, Malcolm was placed on a stretcher and as they started to take him to the hospital across the street, the police, who were not present during the shooting, appeared and took charge of Malcolms body (xvii). It is apparent to me that Roberts was there for the sole purpose of ensuring that Malcolm was dead. Was he actually vainglorious mouth-to-mouth respirations to Malcolm?Or was he preventing him from breathing altogether? Why would Malcolms wife remove the paper with the names of her husbands assassins on it and not reveal it to any of those present? Malcolm X had been under surveillance by the FBI since his release from prison in 1952 (Evanzz 28). Once Malcolm separated from Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, he started reaching out to other Black Nationalist organizations and civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. (266-267). Even though they had opponent views, both men realized they were after the same common refinement but with different means of gaining it.In his letter A bid for Unity from Birmingham jail, King made it a point to his critics that the Negro in America had been caught up by the Zeitgeist (spirit of the age), and with his black brothers of Africa, and his brown and yellow brothers of Asia, entropy America, and the Caribbean, the Negro in the United States is moving with a sense of enormous urgency toward the promised land of racial justice (King 1303). Malcolm shared this viewpoint also, that prejudice was universal, and Malcolm decided to take the plight of the American Negro to the United Nations (309).No one had ever brought the issue of racism to the United Nations b efore (310). This deep disturbed Hoover and the FBI and gave them a definite reason to target Malcolm for counteraction (Evanzz 310). Malcolms fall out with Muhammad and the Nation of Islam was the catalyst needed to later help the FBI set the stage for Malcolms assassination (311). The question remains who killed Malcolm X? Malcolm had initially and for good reason, thought that the Nation of Islam were plotting to take his life.After close analysis, he realized that this plot to kill him was deeper than the NOI. He uttered this to Alex Haley, who was in the process of finishing Malcolms autobiography, The more I cumber thinking about this thing, the things that have been happening lately, Im not all that sure its the Muslims, I know what they can do, and what they cant, and they cant do some of the stuff recently overtaking on. Now, Im going to tell you, the more I view as thinking about what happened to me, I think Im going to quit saying its the Muslims (qtd. in Haley 438).

Utopia Story

Utopia doubting Thomas Meres utopia which was the predecessor for the concept continues to be appropriated into a range of cultures and contexts. Increasingly however, these atomic number 18 Utopias ar dyspepsia. A utopia is defined as an imagined mail service or tell of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first utilise in the book Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More. The opposite of utopia is a dyspepsia, an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad, typically a totalitarian or environmentally degraded one.The themes present in the texts Utopia, Cataract, Fahrenheit 451 and the Pedestrian whether they are a Utopia or a Dyspepsia intertwine and give us a sense that the slightest push in any direction for our auberge could end point in a catastrophic dyspepsia. In Ray Bursarys The Pedestrian, the idea of applied science taking everywhere and the decline of human feelings and interactions are strongly represented. In The Pedestrian Bradbury has used a futuristic setting of society to evaluate It. He presents the undesired shareistics lying within our society and enhances and pronounces hem in The Pedestrian.He conveys the alienation and lack of emotions that is beginning to show in our society and presents them in his text a possible future for humanity if we were to go down pat(p) that path. The way Bradbury represents engineering in his short story is as if it is repulsiveness and tearing humanity apart. So bare of emotion is the environment and surroundings of the main character that it creates a giant contrast to the main character to who Is, to the audience symbolizes as us, an average person All of the techniques such as metaphors and similes are used to enhance the alienation of the main character representing us from the environment and everything else.In the text Cataract, the main themes are, manage the pedestrian, the taking over of technology and loss of humanity. In Cataract, It Is In the future and every child Is make and selected through a far more advanced form of IF where the opera hat genes are extracted from the parents and then Implanted back In the m opposite. The hair and ticker color and sex are chosen, any possibility for diseased genes is removed and as he characters are told the children are still you, simply the scoop up of you.The story centers on Vincent, a child who was conceived naturally and suffered immensely because of the spic-and-span way to discriminate, through inferior genes. The way the world In Cataract Is presented to the audience, with employees checking Into decease by having their fingers pricked to test their blood and how strictly business like and devoid of emotion it is works to present a possible dyspepsia for our society through Cataract. Science and technology is key, there is no time nor place for emotion, this is was Cataract represents.Fahrenheit 451 Is another dyspepsia text that presents the themes of lacking emotion and the ta king over of technology, In this text, everything we know In our society has been twisted and stretched to the uttermost(a) to tally something we barely recognize. Firemen are now employed to burn all books, get rid ofset fires instead of putting them out. The characters in this text are shadows, seemingly without a purpose or many emotions.The concept of talking to each other and enjoying the environment is alien to them, their only form of enjoyment a four wall TV that surrounds like a room, further cutting them off from emotion, humanity and enclosing them in technology as such. These Dyspepsia are all conceived from the original Utopia written by Sir Thomas More, and are used like More did, to critique the society the authors live or lived in. The extreme elements in each of these Utopias could be possible and that is what the authors wanted to present, almost like a warning to us. Emily Newman

Z Score

MN 215 A & B October 02, 2012 Z pocks, Z shields and t Tests Overview and Review At the beginning of the course we learned that thither be ii kickoffes of statistics, namely, parametric and non-parametric. Further we learned that parametric statistical processes ar broken down into devil contrary categories, namely descriptive statistical processes and illative. We learned also that descriptive statistics ( squiffy, mode, median, salutary-worn loss, and frequencies) be l mavin(prenominal) to be employ to describe the characteristics of the data rather than draw endings of defecate inferences from the quantity data collected.However, the importance of descriptive statistics send packing non be downstairsmined as they body the basis for the rifleings of inferential statistical processes especi eachy the call back. In data compend one of the most important concepts to remember is that regardless of the progeny or issue being enquired all is based on the think of of a data set. Although we puke non draw refinement or make predictions from descriptive statistics their intakefulness in inferential statistics is remarkable.As verbalize inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that is rehearsed in making inferences nearly traits or characteristics of a greater state on the basis of savor measurement data. The primary mark of inferential statistics is to leap beyond the measurement data at communicate and make inferences closely a greater creation. Take for workout a psychologist who is interested in well-educated whether a impudently behavior fitting harvest forget wantly be a seller in a certain market ara.Knowing that the entire consumer commonwealth cannot be queried as to market acceptance, the psychologist would select a lesson attempt for the ara, administer whatever measurement instrument is necessary to garner the data and, on the basis, of the pattern data results, determine whether or not the new overlap give be profitable. The statistic employ to determine whether or not the audition is re layative of the entire market population would be an inferential statistics.When development inferential statistical processes to gene set up information in order to make predictions about a large population the chosen model must incessantly be on the basis of haphazard selection or random assignment. Without random have or random assignment the mathematical entertain received by way of the statistical analysis are in err. Or, an separate way of putting is to say that the results would be Lies, damn lies about the data analyzed. For convenience purposes throughout the remainder of this course the sideline symbols lead be used most extensively.Statisticians, regardless of area, use English garner to denote attempt statistics and Greek letters to symbolize population parameters. Name exemplar Statistic community tilt _ stand forX (mu) VarianceSD? ? 2 (sigma squa red) Standard DeviationSD ? (sigma) Correlationr ? (rho) Proportionp ? (pi) Regression Coefficient b ? ( beta)? ? When trying to arrive at destructions that extend from the measurement data alone, inferential statistics are the data analysis tools of pickaxe.For example, inferential statistics are used to infer from the specimen data to the larger population data or when in that respect is an need to make judgments of the chance that an observed difference amid groups is an accu graze and dependable one and not those that happened by chance alone. In order too accomplish that which inferential statistics were designed two models are available estimation essaying and surmisal block outing. In the estimation model the take measurement data is used to estimate a parameter (population) and a confidence time interval about the estimate is created.The confidence interval is essentially the range of set that has a high likelihood of containing the parameter. The parameter is a numerical nurture that measures close to spark off or the population measurement constructs or take to bes. The sum use of inferential statistical processes is in scheme evidenceing. The most vulgar manner in which a hypothesis is essayed is by developing what is usually called a straw man which is what a useless hypothesis is call when looking at a situation where in the query investigator wants to determine if the data collected and analyzed is strong adequacy to wipe out the null or straw man hypothesis.Always remember that a null hypothesis is stated that no differences, effects or relationships will occur amidst and or amongst the events, occurrences, phenomenon, items, or situations being evaluated and measured as a result of some variant. A truthful example of a worry null hypothesis would be something like the following on that point exists no statistically significant difference amongst widgets made of alloy A and those made of Alloy B in terms of tinsel strength acceptability. entropy Requirements When use Inferential Statistics.Thinking back to the low part of the course we learned that statistical processes must use certain forms of numeric measurement data and this data is expressed as nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. For descriptive statistics (frequencies and measures of central tendency) it is nominal data that is used. For inferential statistics the measurement data types to be used are either interval or ratio. However, in the affectionate sciences and business concern arenas ordinal data is lots convictions treated like interval. This is particularly true when studies attempt to assess situations by way of a Lickert scale.For convenience and review the scale presented down the stairs will help to light up the differences between the four scales of measurement discussed earlier in the course. Indications Indicated Direction ofIndicates numerate of Absolute Difference Difference Difference Zero Nomin alX OrdinalX X IntervalX X X RatioX X X On the basis of the information contained in the table to a higher place the following two conditions apply when using inferential statistical processes * Participants selected for participation in a study should be selected randomly. If sampling is not random, then biases occur and contaminate the accuracy of the demoteings. The most commonly used inferential statistics that behavioural look uses are those statistical processes that reserve for the determination of relationships (correlations), differences and effects between and amongst that which is being measured or evaluated. The unique(predicate) analyzes used are the Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Chi Square, Student t Test, analysis of class (Analysis of Variance), and regression. All of these techniques not only require the use of a null hypothesis further independent and dependent variables as healthful. Z write upsCalculating the Z news report for Research Purposes. One of the most often used statistical processes in the behavioural sciences is the Z Score. What a Z Score accomplishes is in taking a raw measurement economic value or score and transforms it into a standard form which then provides a more important description of the individual win within the distribution. This transformation is based on knowledge about the populations imply and standard divergency. Take for example an educational psychologist who is interested in determining how individual school-age childs are comparing to the overall group of students with respect to grades.As we have learned before raw scores alone cannot provide insightful information to the psychologist how well an individual student is performing. However, what the psychologist can easily do is calculate a Z Score for each student and determine whether or not an individual student is functioning to a higher place or to a lower place the mean grade of all students together. When determining the place ment of each individual, the Z Score permits the psychologist to calculate how m whatever a(prenominal) standard aberrancys, or the distance, each student is above or below the mean grade of all students together.If on that point is an academic standard the psychologist is using as a comparative base a opposite statistical verbal expression is used compared to the formula needed when comparing individual feat to a local sample of student. The formulas for each are presented below. Comparing someone to Population Standard Comparing Individual to Sample Standard The gimmick of the two formulas is the comparable with the exception that one uses the mean and standard deviation of a population and the other of a sample.What is very important to remember, specially for the psychologist, is that comparing an individual to a local academic setting may have entirely different results when the same student is compared to the pains standard. Although this expertness appear to be a dilemma, it is actually a come-at-able gracility in disguise. Take for example the same psychologist compares all his students rate of academic success in a local facility and determines they are all functioning well above average, or above the mean, in their grades.What happens if the same students are compared to an academic standard and the results show their grade is well below the industry standard or population mean? The conclusion cadaverous is, therefore, that the students, although having grades are not in line with other educational facilities and corrective computer programming to incr palliate the performance rate must ensue. For ease of infrastanding let us look at a business situation. Example. Suppose an employee is producing 3. 5 widgets per encourage and the sample average number of widgets per hour is 2. 3 with a standard deviation of 0. 33. The Z Score would be calculated as follows X = raw score X band = mean s = standard deviation From this we can concl ude that the employees widget exertion rate per hour of 3. 5 lays 1. 73 standard deviations above the mean. We can conclude further that this employee is function above the mean all others together on the ware line in terms of widget toil and that the employee is doing soften than 95% of the other employees and only 5% of the total employees are producing more widgets.NOTE The percentages are easily found on the back of the very last page of your text book. As stated earlier caution must be exercised when drawing conclusions about a single business sample as the statistical information garnered power not be representative of industry standards. Looking at the same employee on an industry standard basis the information might possibly be different. Taking the same employee with an average widget return rate of 3. 5 widgets per hour with a hypothetical population or industry standard mean of 4. 9 and a population standard deviation of 1. 15 the results would be as follows using t he formula stated above X = Employee raw turnout score = Population standard mean ? = Population standard deviation Z = (3. 5 4. 79) / 1. 15 = -1. 12 What can be readily seen by way of the negative value Z Score is that the employee falls below the standard industry mean with respect to the number of widgets produced in one hour. Concluding further we can say that this employee standing is surpassed by 64% of the entire population manpower for he company. Needless to say, the charabanc needs to take a effective look at the quality of workers in his/her plant. Interpreting the Z Score for Research Purposes. When using Standard Z Scores one must always remember that comparisons are made between individual measurement determine and sample or population mean values. At no time can a one use Z Score values to make predictions or drawn inferences about any given(p) situation. To accomplish this, inferential statistical processes must be used.The value of the Z Score lies in the id ea that individual tracking is necessary and trends can be plotted. Also, one must always keep in thought that X values do not have to be simple individual raw scores but can also fall any investigative variable the researcher chooses to investigate. Z Test When to use the Z Test over the t Test in Research. Although some(prenominal) the Z experiment and the t tally are used in research decision hypothesis interrogationing each is used under a different set of circumstances than the other. The primary distinction between the two lies in the sample sizing requirement.Where t tests can be used for small samples the Z Test cannot and is, therefore, reserved for sample situations that are larger. Both, however, perform the same function, namely to determine whether or not there are differences between the samples being evaluated or comparisons between sample and population measurements. In admission both(prenominal) the Z and t tests make use of the mean scores for raw measureme nt data when calculating differences. Presented below are some examples of using both the Z test and t test in business today. Z Test A harvest safety engineer wants to investigate the average number of possible sorry products in worldwide mathematical product. A sample is drawn sample (in profusion of 30) and mean of the sample is compared to the population mean for evaluation. * Z Test A psychologist wants to investigate whether or not a 10 hour call down will record more safety accidents in product intersection compared to the company wide population standard of eight hour shifts. * Z Test A human election coach wants to investigate whether or not a new employee training program will make up drudgery numbers company wide. t Test A psychologist wants to investigate whether or not the sample of 20 line employees of plant A are producing a significantly greater number of products than the sample of 20 employees of plant A. * t Test A consumer product safety passenger vehi cle wants to investigate whether or not his small firm is producing an equal number of safe products compared to the industry standard. * t Test A human resource manager is interested in knowing if customer service skills of employees in discussion section A are the same as in department B.What is most important to remember is that both the t and Z tests are formulated to arrive at the same conclusion but under different sampling conditions. Keep in disposition as well that the Z test is used when the population mean is known. In addition when using a t test with a small sample base it is assumed the distribution of the data is normal however, in larger samples the distribution does not have to be normal and a Z test can be used for comparative purposes. Further, in both situations the samples drawn must be on a random basis.The unlucky limitation of both tests is in the fact that neither permit any conclusions to be drawn if not differences are found between the sample means or sample and population mean. However, one must always keep in mind that Z and t tests are basically the same as they compare two means to determine whether or not both samples come from the same population. Calculating the Z Test. The example presented below not only provides you with a formula for both population mean testing but sample mean testing as well.What must be closely watched is the effect on sample surface with respect to any resulting Z value Remember that the Z test requires a large sample and should a small sample be used the resulting Z value is contaminated. Formula Sample vs. PopulationSample vs. Sample __ __ __ Z = / Z = X1 X2 N 2(1/N + 1/N) Example Sample vs. PopulationSuppose a product manager is interested in knowing if the number of untimely washing molds being produced in his/her plant in August is indicative of the over-all number of washing mechanisms produced in all plants during the calendar month of August. The product manager draws two samples from his/her assembly line a sample of 10 and a sample of 100. The example being created is to show how the sizing of the sample bears directly on the resulting Z Test value. Formula __ _ Z = / N Data.Sample Test Mean = 30 Population Mean = 25 (Industry Requirement) Population = 15 N = 10 __ Z = / N = 30-25 / 15 / 3. 16 = 15 / 4. 75 Z = 1. 58 Sample Test Mean = 30 Population Mean = 25 (Industry Requirement) Population = 15 N = 100 _ Z = / N = 30-25 / 15 / 10 = 5 / 1. 5 Z = 3. 33 Conclusion The conclusion the production manager can draw from the above measurement example (N=10 and N=100) is relative to the size of the sample used to determine whether or not the sample is representative of the overall faulty washing machine production in August.Had the production manager set the level of confidence at 0. 01 (99%) the Z test score needed in order to reject the null hypothesis that no differences exist in washing machine production is +1. 96. A Z test value for the 10 sample situation of +1 . 58 does not congruous or exceed the demand value of +1. 96. Therefore, the production manager concludes there is not statistically significant difference in the August faulty washing machine production rate for his/her plant and the overall faulty washing machine production rate of all plants.However, when the sample size is increased the resulting Z test value is super different. The 100 sample case, using the same values as in the 10 sample case, provides an entirely different scenario. By increasing the sample size tenfold the resulting Z test value is +3. 33. Obviously this numeric value far exceeds the required +1. 96 value and the production manager can safely conclude that statistically significant differences exist between the faulty washing machine productions in the production managers plant compared to the average faulty washing machine production rate of all plants.The reason for the difference in Z test values in knowing that as sample size increases so does the Z test value. Although not shown in this example, but also extremely important, is in knowing that when the variance of the sample differs from the population variance there will exist a lower Z test value. In the 100 sample test, should the resulting Z test value not met the required 1. 96 value the production manager could have reason that the faulty washing machine production rate of his/her plant meets the production rate of all other plants together for the month of August.As scientific research and applied statistics application are not equipped to lend write up as to why no differences are determined the only conclusion to be drawn is that the lack of differences is a direct result of sample size and variance. Example Sample vs. Sample vs. Sample Formula __ __ Z = X1 X2 2(1/N + 1/N) Example Suppose the same product manager is interested in knowing if the number of faulty washing machines being produced in his/her plant in August is indicative of the number of faulty washing m achines produced in a inhabit plant during the month of August.The product manager draws two samples one from his/her assembly line and one from the neighboring plant a sample of 100 is drawn from both plants. _ Data Sample 1 N=100 X=30 _ Sample 2 N=100 X=25 = 15 (known or assumed) _ _ Z = X1 X2 2(1/N + 1/N) = 30 25 / (15)? (1/100 + 1/100) = 5 / v (225) (. 01 + . 01) = 5 / 4. 5 = 5 / 2. 12 = 2. 35 Conclusion On the basis of the Z test value above the production manager would have to conclude that there exists a statistically significant difference in the production rate of the two plants at the . 1 confidence level (99%) as the required critical value of 1. 96 was matched and exceeded. As such it can be stated that the two washing machine samples are not representative of each other and differences occur. Should the product manager replicate the study and use only 10 washing machines per sample the resulting Z test value would be 1. 11 and the conclusion drawn would be that no s tatistically significant differences are present between the two groups and the population.Again this is an example of how sensitive the Z test is to sample size. One must always keep in mind that re-testing a product or service with artificial conveyances (smaller sample size) in order to show that differences are not present is scientifically and professionally unacceptable. Research results must be allowed to fall wherein the statistical analysis places them. Doing differently is using the statistical process for reasons other than that which they were intended Drawing Conclusions from the Z Test.Business situations are not unlike any other professional situation, including the behavioral sciences, wherein the researcher or investigator is seek information as to possible differences between samples or sample and the general population. When business managers or psychologists at any level are interested in making comparisons between products and or serve the best-fit statistica l tool for large sample situations is the Z test. However, the statistical value is only as substantially as the controls dictated on it and at no time will the actual values give a reason as to why something has happened or why something has not.With regard to the utilization of the Z test in business decision-making the following rules are always to be remembered * Z Tests can be used to compare a sample to a population or sample to a sample for general population inference. * Z Tests are extremely susceptible to size of sample and variance and not useful when population variance is unknown. * Z Tests work best with very large samples but not with small samples as the correction factor cannot accommodate for the fracture associated with small samples. Z Tests are natural introductions to t Tests. * Z Tests work with only one (1) dependent variable. * Z Tests cannot work with correlate data. * Z Tests do not permit the making of strong inferences about differences or effects of the testing instrument or situation. * Z Tests have a non-parametric counterpart wherein small samples can be used. t Test 1a. launching to Difference Testing. Difference testing is used primarily to identify if there is a detectable difference between products, services, people, or situations.These tests are often conducted in business situations to * Ensure a change in face or production introduces no significant change in the end product or service. * Substantiate a claim of a new or improved product or service * Confirm that a new ingredient/supplier does not affect the perceived attributes of the product or service. * Track changes during shelf-life of a product or the length of time of a service. Differences Between Two Independent Sample Means ascorbic acid vs. Pepsi. Let us again look at a business example wherein the independent sample t-tests are sed to compare the means of two independently sampled groups. Example do those boozing coulomb differ on a performance vari able (i. e. numbers of cans consumed in one week) compared to those drinking Pepsi. The individuals are randomly assigned to the Coke and Pepsi groups. With a confidence interval or ?. 05 (corresponding probability level of 95 %) the researcher concludes the two groups are significantly different in their means (average consumption rate of Coke and Pepsi over a one week period of time) if the t test value meets or exceeds the required value.If the t value does not meet the critical t value required then the research investigator simply concludes that no differences exist. Further explanation is not required. Presented below is a more useable situation. Example As a manager of production let us suppose you are wanting to determine whether or not work performance is significantly (statistically) different in a noise related production line vs. a non-noise related production line. Individual Noise mathematical product Non-Noise Production difference 1-2 38 32 6 2 10 16 -6 3 84 57 2 7 4 36 28 8 5 50 55 -5 6 35 12 23 7 73 61 12 8 48 29 19 Mean 46. 8 36. 2 10. 5 Standard dev 23 19 12 Variance 529 361 N = 16 Using the raw data and formula above to calculate the t test value the actual t test value, when calculated properly, is 2. 43. Always remember that S = Standard deviation and that the mean is often times shown by the enceinte letter M rather than a bar mark over a capital X.By tone ending to the appropriate t tables in your text book distinguish the critical value for t at the . 05 confidence interval. The value you should respect is 1. 761 Differences Between Two Means of Correlated Samples Red Bull vs. index Drink. Again using a business example correlated t test statistical processes are used to determine whether or not there is a relationship of a particular measurement variable on a pre and mail service test basis. Often times when there exists a statistically significant relationship on a pre and post test basis the business manager can use th e premier measurement values to predict the second in future situations without having to present a post test situation.Example Using the same data presented above let us assume that there are not two independent groups but the same group under two different conditions noise production environment and non-noise production environment. Individual Noise Production Non-Noise Production difference 1-2 1 38 32 6 2 10 16 -6 3 84 57 27 4 36 28 8 5 50 55 -5 6 35 2 23 7 73 61 12 8 48 29 19 N = 8 The first gait is to compute the mean of the differences _ D = ? D N The second step is to square the differences (6)? + (-6)? + (27)? + (8)? + (5)? + (23)? + (12)? + (19)? The third step is to calculate the standard hallucination of the difference SED = _ ?D D? / n -1 n The last step is to compute the t test value _ t = D / SED Using the raw data and formula above to calculate the t test value the actual t test value, when calculated properly, is 3. 087. By going to the appropriate t tabl es in your text book you can find the critical value to be, at the ? .05 confidence interval is 1. 895.The conclusion drawn is that the differences are statistically significantly different. When to Use Independent Mean or Correlated Sample Difference Testing. In research investigation situations the choice of using an independent sample t test of a correlated sample test is dependent upon whether or not the investigator is seeking to determine differences or relationships. In some situations the need to know whether or not a difference exists between two products or services is more important than knowing if there is a relationship between the two. For example take the consulting psychologist wants to know if training program A has better success in training managers than training method B.The psychologist would select a sample of each training situations (generally 30) and test the success of each sample and compare the success of program A with program B. The results would confir m if one training programs was better that the other. If, however, the psychologist was interested in determining how each program compared to the industry standard the programs would be compared, independently, to the population program mean. On the other hand should the consulting psychologist wants to determine whether or not a relationship exists, or predictability can be determine, from one program in two different situations or under two different situations a correlated t test is used.However, knowing the relationship in pre and post test situations are generally reserved for improvement situations. Drawing Conclusions for the t Test. Any conclusion drawn for the t test statistical is only as good as the research question asked and the null hypothesis formulated. t tests are only used for two sample groups, either on a pre post-test basis or between two samples (independent or dependent). The t test is optimized to deal with small sample numbers which is often the case with b ehavioral scientists in any venue. When samples are excessively large the t test becomes difficult to manage due to the mathematical calculations involved.

Pomi

Principles of Measurement (International) For full treatment of saying JUNE 1979 Published by RICS Business Services Limited, a on the whole testifyed subsidiary of The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, under the RICS Books imprint, Surveyor judicature Westwood Business Park Coventry, CV4 8JE UK No responsibility for loss occasioned to all somebody acting or refraining from action as a result of whatsoever material embroild in this everywheretation can be veritable by the authors, publisher or The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.The views express and the conclusions drawn in this book are those of the authors. ISBN 0 85406 108 8 original Edition 1979 Reprinted 1988, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2002 and 2004 RICS 1988. Copyright in all or disrupt of this publication rests with the RICS, and save by prior consent of the RICS, no part or parts of this publication shall be reproduced in any(prenominal) form or by any instrument electronic, mechanical, photocopyi ng, recording or otherwise, now cognise or to be devised. Printed by Q3 Print, LoughboroughForeword The use of bills of quantities is a well-established direction of enabling the financial control and management of building whole kit and boodle. The key to the achievement of the use of bills of quantities is a clear understanding by all parties to the pore of what is let ind, or excluded, in the standard. It is this that gives rise to the need for clearly defined stock(a) manners of amount. Since these principles of measurement were first issued in 1979, many countries have developed their ingest more comminuted standard methods.A recent survey of its internationalist membership carried out for the RICS Construction faculty by the Building greet Information Service (BCIS) identified that 14 of the 32 responding countries had their own method of measurement. However, the Principles of Measurement (International) (POMI) were still being used in about one-half of the cou ntries and are still widely used on international adjures. on that point has been a trend in the UK and elsewhere to move outside from measurement- storyd procurement, laissez passer the responsibility for measuring the building mesh down the planning strand to the thin outor or sub-contractor.However, research commissioned by the Construction Faculty showed that where bills of quantities were non provided as part of the procurement process, 95% of contractors would undertake their own measurement, with the majority of this carried out in ossification with the trustworthy Standard method of Measurement (SMM). at that place is no doubt that the proliferation of procurement practices will continue. However, in circumstances in which thither is a degree of human body proof before the contractor is appointed, measurement-based procurement will still be allow for.Furthermore, where design decisions are being passed down the supply chain, measurement should be underinterpre ted at the level at which the design is carried out, in order to remove the quest for duplication. It is in the interests of the industry as a whole, including its clients, that measurement is carried out consistently. There is therefore a continued need for standard methods of measurement and, by implication, a continued need for measurement skills. These principles require a detailed specification and tender drawings to be provided.RICS recognises that circumstances vary from country to country, and from contract to contract, and that the principles therefore need to be flexible in order to go for variations in practice and techniques. Any comments on the principles should be sent to the RICS Construction Faculty, at 12 Great George Street, Parliament Square, London, SW1P 3AD. The principles are also accessible in French, German and Arabic. RICS is grateful to the original authors Michael Rainbird, Alan Charter, James Diebel, Derek Lawrence and Michael Pagulatos. Simon Cash ho t seat RICS Construction Faculty December 2003 Contents sectionalisation GP world-wide PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP2 Bills of quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 GP3 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GP4 Items to be fully comprehensive GP5 Description of tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 GP6 die to be put to death by a specialist nominative by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 GP7 Goods, materials or run to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP8 piece of bring in to be execute by a disposal or public pledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 GP9 Day indus attempt embed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2/3 GPI0 Contingencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 theatrical role A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A2 judicial admission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A3 Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A4 Contractors administrative arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A5 Constructional plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A6 Employers facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 A7 Contractors facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 A8 unpredictable whole kit and caboodle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 A9 Sundry events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 particle B SITE WORK B1 commit exploration chiefly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 B2 Trial holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B3 Boreholes (including pumping test wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 B4 identify preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 B5 Demolitions and alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B6 shore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B7 Underpinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B8 Earth kit and boodle generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 B9 slam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B10 Dredging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B11 governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 B12 Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B13 Piling generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B14 Driven atomic pile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 B15 Bored spate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B16 yellow journalism deal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B17 Performance designed piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B18 test piling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B19 thermionic valve enfeebleage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B20 sidewalk and go up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 B21 Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B22 grace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B23 line arrive at . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B24 turn over shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 B25 Tunnel linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 B26 Tunnel animation and stabilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 partitioning C CONCRETE WORK C1 primarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C2 Poured concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C3 backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 C4 Shuttering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C5 Precast concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C6 Prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 C7 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/11 SECTION D MASONRY D1 chiefly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D2 Walls and piers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D3 Sills, etc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 04 reenforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 D5 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SECTION E METALWORK E1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 E2 geomorphological admixturework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11/12 E3 Non structural meta lwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SECTION F WOODWORK F1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F2 morphologic timbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F3 Boarding and flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 F4 evidence and battens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Finishings and fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12/13 Composlte items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Sundry items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Metalwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SECTION G THERMAL AND moisture PROTECTION G1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G2 Coverings and linings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 G3 Damp-proof courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 G4 Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 SECTION H DOORS AND WINDOWS H1 Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 H2 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 H3 Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 H4 Ironmongery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H5 Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 H6 spare glazing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 SECTION J FINISHES J1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 J2 Back accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J3 Finishings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J4 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J5 hang up ceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 J6 Decorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 J7 Signwriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION K ACCESSORIES K1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 K2 Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION L EQUIPMENT L1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 SECTION M FURNISHINGS M1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 M2 Curtain jumper lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 SECTION N SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION N1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N2 Enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 N3 Installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION P CONVEYING SYSTEMS P1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P2 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 P3 Work consequent to conveying systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 SECTION Q MECHANICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS Q1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q2 tube and gutterwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Q3 Ductwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q4 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q5 Automatic controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q6 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Q7 Insulation, including linings and preventive coverings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q8 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Q9 Work incidental to mechanical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 SECTION R ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTALLATIONS R1 Generally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R2 Main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R3 Sub-main circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R4 Final sub-circuits and auxiliary installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R5 Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R6 Control gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 R7 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 R8 Connections to supply mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 R9 Sundries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 R10 Work incidental to electrical engineering installations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 APPENDIX Amendments to principles of measurement 1 SECTION GP GE NERAL PRINCIPLES GP1 Principles of measurement GP1. 1 Principles of measurement These principles of measurement provide a uniform basis for measuring bills of quantities for works of construction. More detailed reading than is needed by this document whitethorn measurement be condition to define the precise nature of work or the circumstances under which it is to be carried out. Amendments to these principles of measurement for use in a particular locality or adopted for work non envisaged by this document shall be verbalise an appendix is provided for much(prenominal) amendments to be recorded.These principles of measurement may be applied equally to the measurement of proposed works and of recognised works. Bills of quantities The objects of bills of quantities are 1. To assist in the accurate preparation of tenders, by providing for measurement of quantities on a uniform basis 2. To provide a basis for the financial control of a project, in ossification with the condit ions of contract. Bills of quantities shall pull in and represent the works to be carried out work which can non be metric accurately shall be set forth as approximate or inclined in bills of approximate quantities.Conditions of contract, drawings and specifications shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The section headings and classifications do not levy restrictions upon the format and presentation of bills of quantities. Measurement Work shall be deliberate winnings as fixed in dumbfound and to severally one(prenominal) measurement shall be taken to the nearest 10 millimetres this principle shall not apply to dimensions separate in interpretations. Unless otherwise stated, no deduction shall be do from items needed to be mensural by battlefield for voids of less than 1. 00 m2.Minimum deductions of voids shall key only to voids within the edges of calculated subjects voids which are at the edges of metric field of honors shall evermore be dedu cted, irrespective of size of it. These principles of measurement may be used with other units of measurement and the particular amendments shall be stated. Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, a let on minor building or structure may be enumerated. Items to be fully comprehensive Unless otherwise stated, all items shall be fully comprehensive of all that is necessary to fulfill the Items to be fully liabilities and obligations arising out of the contract and shall allow in 1.Labour and all associated costs 2. Materials, skilfuls and all associated costs 3. provision of plant 4. Temporary works 5. Establishment charges, overheads and profit. Description of items Items which are call for to be enumerated. or for which an item is required, shall be fully described. Items which are to be metrical by space or depth shall state the cross-sectional size and shape, girth or ranges of girths or such other info as may be grab for items of pipework it shall be stat ed whether the diameter is internal or external.Items which are to be calculated bv area shall state the thickness or such other information as may be capture. Items which are to be mensural by lading shall state the material thickness and unit weight if allow for (for example, ductwork). GP1. 2 GP1. 3 GP2 Bills of quantities GP2. 1 GP2. 2 GP2. 3 GP2. 4 GP3 Measurement GP3. 1 GP3. 2 GP3. 3 GP3. 4 GP3. 5 GP4 Items to be fully inclusive GP4. 1 GP5 Description of items GP5. 1 GP5. 2 GP5. 3 GP5. 4 1 GP5. 5 Notwithstanding these principles of measurement, proprietary items may be calculated in a manner appropriate to the manufacturers tariff or customary practice.The description of items in bills of quantities may refer to other documents or drawings and any extension to such information shall be mute to fulfill any requirement of these principles of measurement alternatively, reference may be do to published information. Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the empl oyer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which is required to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer shall be stipulation as a heart and soul such append shall be sole(prenominal) of contractors profit and in each consequence an item shall be disposed for the gain of profit.An item shall be inclined in each skid for assistance by the contractor, which shall allow 1. Use of contractors administrative arrangements 2. Use of constructional plant 3. Use of contractors facilities 4. Use of temporary works 5. Space for specialists offices and stores 6. Clearing forth rubbish 7. Scaff disuseding required by the specialist, giving particulars 8. Unloading, distributing, hoisting and placing in office items of plant, machinery or the equal, giving particulars.Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, goods, materials or services which are required to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer shall be granted as a sum such sum shall be exclusive of contractors profit and in each case an item shall be accustomed up for the improver of profit. Fixing goods and materials shall be stipulation up in consent with the relevant clauses in these principles of measurement fixing shall be still to let in unloading, storing, distributing and hoisting the, goods and materials.Particulars shall be given of any requirements for the contractor to arrange for talking to or pay any costs of conveying goods or materials. Work to be executed by a government or public strength Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, work which may only be carried out or by a government or public authority shall be given as a sum such sum shall be exclusive of contractors profit and in each case an item shall be given for the addition of profit. An item shall be given in each case for assistance by the contractor as described in clause GP6. . Dayworks The cost of labour in dayworks shall be given as a sum alternatively, a schedule of the polar categories of labour may be given containing a provisional total of hours for each category. The cost of labour take ond in a sum or schedule shall include wages, bonuses and all allowances paid to operatives directly busy on dayworks (including those operating mechanical plant and transport) in conformism with the appropriate employment agreement or, where no such agreement exists, the actual payments made to the work people concerned.The cost of materials in dayworks shall be given as a sum alternatively, 3 schedule may be given containing a provisional quantity of contrary materials. The cost of materials included in a sum or schedule shall be the net invoiced price, including delivery to site. The cost of constructional plant busy exclusively in dayworks shall be given as a sum alternatively, a schedule of the different ca tegories of plant may be given containing a provisional quantity of hours, or such other period of time as may be appropriate, for each category.The cost of constructional plant included in a sum or schedule shall include fuel, consumable stores, repairs, maintenance and insurance of plant. An item shall be given for the addition of establishment charges. overheads and profit to each of the sums or schedules of labour, materials or plant. Description of items (continued) GPS. 6 GP6 GP6. 1 Work to be executed by a specialist nominated by the employer GP6. 2 GP7 GP7. 1 GP7. 2 Goods, materials or services to be provided by a merchant or tradesman nominated by the employer GP8 GP8. 1 Work to be executed by a government or public authority GP8. 2 GP9 GP9. 1Dayworks GP9. 2 GP9. 3 GP9. 4 GP9. 5 GP9. 6 GP9. 7 2 Dayworks (continued) GP9. 8 Establishment charges, overheads and profit shall include 1. cost related to the employment of labour 2. Costs related to the storage of materials, includ ing discussion and waste in storage 3. Contractors administrative arrangements 4. Constructional plant, except plant employed exclusively on dayworks 5. Contractors facilities 6. Temporary works 7. Sundry items. Contingencies GP10 GP 10. 1 Unless otherwise required by the conditions of contract, contingencies shall be given as a sum no item shall be given for the addition of profit.SECTION A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS A1 Conditions of contract A1. 1 A1. 2 Conditions of contract A schedule of the clause headings shall be treated out in the bills of quantities. Where there is an appendix to the conditions of contract requiring insertions to be made, a schedule of the insertions shall be set out in the bills of quantities. Specification Where the specification contains clauses related to any of the future(a) General Requirements, the bills of quantities shall make reference to the appropriate clauses. Restrictions Particulars shall be given of any restrictions, which shall include 1. Acc ess to and possession or use of the site 2.Limitations of functional space 3. Limitations of working hours 4. The maintenance of alert services on, under or over the site 5. The execution or completion of the work in any specific order, sections or phases 6. Items of a kindred nature. Contractors administrative arrangements An item shall be given for contractors administrative arrangements, which shall include 1. Site administration 2. care 3. Security 4. Safety, health and welfare of workpeople 5. Transport of workpeople. Constructional plant An item shall be given for constructional plant, which shall include 1. Small plant and tools 2. Scaffolding 3.Cranes and lifting plant 4. Site transport 5. Plant required for specific trades. Employers facilities Particulars shall be given of any facilities required for the employer or the employers representatives, which shall include 1. Temporary accommodation (for example, offices, laboratories, living accommodation), including heating , cooling, lighting, furnishing, attention or related facilities 2. Telephones, including costs of calls alternatively, the cost of calls may be given as a sum 3. Vehicles 4. Attendance of staff (for example, drivers, research lab assistants) 5. Equipment (for example, surveyor laboratory equipment) 6.Special requirements for programmes or progress charts 7. Any other facilities (for example, progress photographs, signboards). A2 Specification A2. 1 A3 Restrictions A3. 1 A4 Contractors administrative arrangements A4. l A5 Constructional plant A5. 1 A6 Employers facilities A6. 1 3 A7 A 7. 1 Contractors facilities An item shall be given for facilities required by the contractor, which shall include 1. Accommodation and buildings, including offices, laboratories, compounds, stores, messrooms and living accommodation 2. Temporary fencing, including hoardings, screens, roofs and guard inveigh 3.Temporary roads, including hardstandings and crossings 4. Water for the works particulars sh all be given if water will be supplied to the contractor 5. Lighting and power for the works particulars shall be given if current will be supplied to the contractor 6. Temporary telephones. Particulars shall be given where the nature or point of the facilities is not at the politeness of the contractor. Temporary works An item shall be given for temporary works, which shall include 1. Traffic fun 2. Access roads 3. Bridges 4. Cofferdams 5. Pumping 6. De-watering 7. Compressed air for tunnelling. Particulars shall be given where the nature r extent of the temporary works is not at the judgment of the contractor. Sundry items An item shall be given for sundry items, which shall include 1. Testing of materials 2. Testing of the works 3. Protecting the works from inclement prevail 4. Removing rubbish, protective casings and coverings and cleaning the works at completion 5. Traffic regulations 6. nutrition of public and private roads 7. Drying the works 8. Control of noise and b efoulment 9. All statutory obligations Particulars shall be given where the nature or extent of the sundry items is not at the discretion of the contractor.Sundry items Temporary works Contractors facilities A7. 2 A8 A8. 1 A8. 2 A9 A9. 1 A9. 2 SECTION B SITE WORK B1 B1. 1 B1. 2 B1. 3 B2 B2. 1 Site exploration generally Keeping records of site observations, site tests and laboratory tests shall be given as an item. Samples, site observations, site tests, a oratory tests an analyses shall be given as an item, Providing reports shall be given as an item. Trial holes Excavating trial holes shall be heedful by depth, taken along the pith line, stating the progeny and the supreme depth below commencing level.Earthwork support which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measurable by depth. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Driving boreholes shall be mensural by depth, taken along the centre line, stating the takings and the maximum depth below commencing leve l raking boreholes shall be so described. Lining which is not at the discretion of the contractor shall be measured by depth. toughie pings shall be enumerated. Boreholes (including pumping test wells) Trial holes Site exploration generally B2. 2 B3 B3. 1 B3. 2 B3. 3 4 B4 Site preparation B4. 1 B4. 2 B4. 3 Site preparation Removing isolated trees shall be enumerated.Removing hedges shall be measured by length. Site clearance, which shall include removing vegetation, undergrowth, bushes, hedges, trees or the kindred, shall be measured by area. Demolitions and alterations The localisation principle of each item shall be given. Unless otherwise stated, old materials shall be silent to become the property of the contractor and shall be clean-cut away old materials required to remain the property of the employer shall be so described. Removing individual fittings, fixtures, engineering installations or the deal from an existing structure shall each be given as an item.Demolishing i ndividual structures (or part thereof) shall each be given as an item alternatively, demolishing all structures on a site may be given as an item. bully openings in existing structures and alterations to existing structures shall each be given as an item devising good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Temporary screens and roofs shall be given as an item. bound Shoring incidental to demolitions and alterations, together with clearing away and making good all work damaged, shall be understood to be included.Shoring (other than that incidental to demolitions and alterations) shall be given as an item, stating the location clearing away and making good all work damaged shall be understood to be included. Particulars shall be given where the design of the shoring is not at the discretion of the contractor. Shoring which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Underpinning Work in underpinning shall be given under an appropriat e heading, stating the location. Unless otherwise stated, work shall be measured in accordance with the appropriate sections of this document.Temporary support shall be given as an item particulars shall be given where the design of the temporary support is not at the discretion of the contractor. Excavation shall be measured by stack, taken to the outside line of the projecting foundations or to the outside line of the advanced foundations (whichever is the greater), sort out as follows 1. Excavation in preliminary trenches down to the base of the existing foundations 2. Excavation below the base of the existing foundations. cracking away projecting foundations shall be measured by length.Earthworks generally Any information available concerning the nature of the ground and strata shall be provided with the bills of quantities. The quantities for dig, dredging or tunnelling shall be understood to be the muckle before shot, and no allowance shall be made for any orking space or subsequent variation in bulk existing voids shall be deducted. Multiple handling of materials and transporting about the site shall be understood to be included multiple handling which is required by the specification shall be so described in the item of disposal.Earthwork support shall be given as an item. Excavation in rock shall be so described alternatively, it may be measured as particular(a) over excavation (that is, B5 Demolitions and alterations B5. 1 B5. 2 B5. 3 B5. 4 B5. 5 B6 Shoring B6. 1 B6. 2 B6. 3 B6. 4 B7 Underpinning B7. 1 B7. 2 B7. 3 B7. 4 B7. 5 B8 Earthworks generally B8. 1 B8. 2 B8. 3 B8. 4 B8. 5 5 the flashiness of rock shall be measured bur no deduction shall be made from the volume of excavation in which the rock occurs). B8. 6 For the purposes of measurement rock is defined as any material met with which is of such size or position that. n the opinion of the employers representative. It can only be removed by flirt withs of wedges, special plant or explo sives. Excavation Unless otherwise stated, excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied by the permanent construction, or uprightly above any part of the permanent construction, classify as follows 1. Oversite excavation to remove pass away soil, stating the median(a) depth 2. Excavation to reduce levels 3. Excavation in cuttings 4. Basement excavation 5. Trench excavation to receive foundations, which shall include pile caps and ground beams 6. label excavation to receive foundation bases, stating the number 7. Excavation for diaphragm walls, stating the comprehensiveness of the permanent construction and the type of support fluid. Excavation of trenches for service pipes, run pipes, cables or the equal shall each be measured by length, stating the mean(a) depth disposal and make full shall be understood to be included. For excavation in tunnelling suffer clause B24. Dredging Dredging shall be measured by volume, stating the location and limi ts unless otherwise stated, measurement shall be understood to be taken from soundings. giving medication Disposal of material arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling shall be measured by volume as equal to the volume of excavation, dredging or tunnelling and each shall be classify as follows 1. Backfilled into excavation 2. Backfilled in making up levels 3. Backfilled oversite to make up levels, giving enlarge of special contouring, embankments or the like 4. Removed, which shall include providing a suitable tip. Filling Filling material (other than that arising from excavation, dredging or tunnelling) shall be measured by volume as equal to the void to be filled, classify as follows 1. Filled into excavation 2.Filled in making up levels 3. Filled oversite to make up levels, giving details of special contouring, embankments or the like. Piling generally For the purposes of measurement, driven piling shall include timber, precast concrete or metal rafts. other(a) piling systems (for example, preformed casing with concrete filling) shall be measured in accordance with the principles for driven piling or bored piling as may be appropriate. Unless otherwise stated, reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with Section C. Driven piling planning heap shall be measured by length, stating the number reinforcement shall be given separately.Heads and shoes shall be enumerated. Driving piles shall be measured by length, taken from the pile point in contact with the ground when pitched to the pile point when driven, stating the number driving piles on rake shall be so described. Cutting off tops of piles and connections for lengthening piles shall be enumerated. Earthworks generally (continued) B9 B9. 1 Excavation B9. 2 B9. 3 B10 B10. 1 Dredging B11 B11. 1 Disposal B12 B12. 1 Filling B13 B13. 1 B13. 2 Piling generally B13. 3 B14 B14. 1 B14. 2 B14. 3 Driven piling B14. 4 6 B15 Bored piling B15. 1Bored piling Boring for piles shall be measured by length , taken from the formation level of the ground to the bottom of the pile hole, stating the number the measurement shall include for blind leaden when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Boring through rock shall be measured by length as extra over obtuse for piles (that is, the length of boring through rock shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the total length of boring). Linings for piles shall be measured by length. Disposal of material arising from boring shall be measured in accordance with clause B11.Concrete filling shall be measured by volume. Cutting off tops of piles and forming enlarged bases shall be enumerated. Sheet piling The measurements for sheet piling shall be taken along the centre line. Supplying sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken as the area when in last position. Corner piles or the like shall be measured by length. Driving sheet piling shall be measured by area, taken from the formation level of the gro und to the bottom edge of the sheet piling when driven strutting and waling and withdrawing sheet piling shall be understood to be included.Cutting sheet piling shall be measured by length. Sheet piling which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Performance designed piling Performance designed piles shall be enumerated reinforcement and disposal of material arising from boring shall be understood to be included. Details shall be given when the pile top is to be below the formation level of the ground. Testing piling Testing piling, which shall include trial piles and testing working piles, shall be given as an item.Underground drain drain pipes shall be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings drain pipes within inspection domiciliate or the like shall be so described and shall be understood to drainage include fixings and supports. Drain fittings in the length (for example, bends, junctions) shall be enumerated, sort out together for each size of pipe and described as fittings. Drain accessories (for example, gullies, traps) shall be enumerated concrete surrounds and supererogatory excavation shall be understood to be included.Concrete beds and coverings for drain pipes shall each be measured by length, stating the diameter of the pipe surrounds to vertical pipes shall be so described and shall be understood to include formwork. Inspection chambers or the like shall be enumerated alternatively, they may be measured in accordance ith the relevant sections of this document and given under an appropriate heading. Connections to existing drains shall be enumerated, subject to clause GP8. Paving and surfacing Paving and surfacing shall be measured by area. Expansion joints and ater sugar shall be measured by length.B15. 2 B15. 3 B15. 4 B15. 5 B15. 6 B16 Sheet piling B16. 1 B16. 2 B16. 3 B16. 4 B16. 5 B16. 6 B17 B17. 1 B17. 2 B18 Testing piling B18. 1 B19 Underground drainage B19. 1 B19. 2 B19 . 3 B19. 4 B19. 5 B19. 6 B20 Paving and surfacing B20. 1 B20. 2 7 B20. 3 B21 B21. 1 Channels, curbs, edgings or the like shall be measured by length curving work shall be so described. Fencing Fencing, which shall include posts and supports in the length, shall be measured by length excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included.Special posts (for example, gate posts, straining posts) shall be enumerated excavating pits, disposal and filling shall be understood to be included. Gates, barriers or the like shall be enumerated. Finishes shall be measured in accordance with Section J. Landscaping Cultivating and fertilising ground shall be measured by area. Soiling, seeding and turfing shall be measured by area. Hedges shall be measured by length. Trees and shrubs shall be enumerated. Railway work Track, guard rails and conductor rails shall each be measured by length, taken along the centre line over all fittings curved work shall be so described.Sleepers and chairs shall be enumerated. Switches and crossings shall be enumerated, classified as follows 1. Switches and turnouts 2. Diamond crossings 3. Single snarf crossings 4. Double slip crossings 5. Other switches and crossings. Ballast shall be measured by volume, without deduction for run, classified as follows 1. Bottom ballast, placed before the track is laid 2. Top ballast, placed after the track is laid. Concrete track foundations shall be measured by length, except that overwidth foundations for switches and crossings shall be measured by area reinforcement and shuttering shall be understood to be included.Bitumen filler to complete rail assemblies shall be measured by length. Buffer kale, wheel stops or the like shall be enumerated. Signalling installations shall be measured in accordance with Section L or Section R. Tunnel excavation Excavation shall be measured by volume as the void which is to be occupied, including the volume of permanent linings, grouped as may be approp riate to identify different lengths and classified as follows 1. Straight tunnels 2. Straight shafts 3. veer tunnels 4. Curved shafts 5. Tapered tunnels 6. Tapered shafts 7.Other cavities, which shall include transitions, breakaways and intersections between shafts and tunnels. onwards probing shall be measured by length, stating the number of probes. For disposal see clause B11. Paving and surfacing (continued) Fencing B21. 2 B21. 3 B21. 4 B22 B22. 1 B22. 2 B22. 3 B22. 4 B23 B23. 1 Landscaping Railway work B23. 2 B23. 3 B23. 4 B23. 5 B23. 6 B23. 7 B23. 8 B24 B24. 1 Tunnel excavation B24. 2 B24. 3 8 B25 Tunnel linings B25. 1 Tunnel linings Poured concrete linings shall be measured by area, stating whether spray or cast concrete, classified as follows 1. lining 2. alternative lining.Preformed segmental tunnel linings shall be enumerated. Tunnel support and stabilisation timberland supports shall be measured by volume. Sprayed concrete supports and reinforcement shall be measured by area. Rock bolts shall be measured by length. Face packers shall be enumerated. Metal arch supports shall be measured by weight. Injection of fix materials shall be measured by weight. B25. 2 B26 Tunnel support and stabilisation B26. 1 B26. 2 B26. 3 B26. 4 B26. 5 B26. 6 SECTION C CONCRETE WORK C1 Generally C1. 1 C1. 2 Generally Reinforced poured concrete and plain poured concrete shall each be so described.Poured concrete required by the specification to be placed, compacted, cured or otherwise treated in a particular manner shall be so described. No deduction shall be made for voids less than 1. 00 m3, nor for the volume of any reinforcement or structural metal enclosed in the concrete, except that voids caused by boxed or tubular structural metalwork shall always be deducted. Unless otherwise described, two-dimensional surfaces of concrete shall be understood to be tamped. Poured concrete Unless otherwise stated, poured concrete shall be measured by volume, classified as fo llows 1. Foundations, which shall include combined or isolated bases 2. bus caps, which shall include ground beams 3. Blinding 4. Beds, which shall include roads and footpaths, stating the thickness 5. hang up slabs, which shall include floors, landings, roofs or the like, stating the thickness 6. Walls, which shall include attached columns, stating the thickness 7. Columns, which shall include casing to metal stancheons 8. Beams (measured below the slab), which shall include lintels and casing to metal beams 9. Staircases, which shall include steps and strings 10. Diaphragm walls 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate.Poured concrete suspended slabs of special construction, including floors, landings, roofs or the like, shall be measured by area coffered and troughed slabs shall be so described, giving details of solid margins or the like. Where an item is required to be measured by volume and the thickness stated, then item s of differing thickness may be grouped together, provided that the range of the different thicknesses is stated. payoff The weight of bar reinforcement shall be the net weight without addition for rolling margin, supports, spacers or tying wire. prohibition reinforcement shall be measured by weight, stating the diameter bars of iffering diameters shall be given separately. Fabric reinforcement shall be measured by area, without addition for laps. C1. 3 C1. 4 C2 Poured concrete C2. 1 C2. 2 C2. 3 C3 Reinforcement C3. 1 C3. 2 C3. 3 9 C3. 4 C4 C4. 1 Reinforcement shall be given as an item where the detailed design work is the responsibility of the contractor. Shuttering Unless otherwise stated, shuttering shall be measured by area, taken as the net area in contact with the terminused face of concrete, classified as follows 1. Soffits shuttering to soffits of special construction shall be so described 2. aslant soffits, which shall include soffits of staircases 3.Sloping upper surfa ces, which shall include surfaces more than 15 from horizontal 4. Sides of foundations, which shall include bases, pile caps and ground beams 5. Sides of walls, which shall include attached columns 6. Returns to walls, which shall include ends, projections and reveals of openings or recesses 7. Sides and soffits of beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits isolated beams shall be so described 8. Sides and soffits of aslant beams, which shall include lintels and breaks in soffits isolated beams shall be so described 9. Sides of columns 10. Staircases, which shall include treads, isers and strings but exclude soffits 11. Other classifications (for example, tunnel linings, bridges, bridge abutments) as may be appropriate. Shuttering to edges, which shall include face of curb or upstand or break in upper surface of floor, shall be measured by length items of differing height may be grouped together, provided that the range of different heights is stated. Grooves, which s hall include throats, rebates, chamfers or the like, 2500 mm2 sectional area or over shall be measured by length grooves less than 2500 mm2 sectional area shall be understood to be included.Shuttering may be enumerated where it is more appropriate to do so (for example, decorative features). Shuttering which is required by the specification to be left in position shall be so described. Shuttering to curved, conical and worldwide surfaces shall each be so described. Shuttering to provide a special finish shall be so described. Unless otherwise stated, if the volume of concrete has not been deducted, shuttering to the faces of a void shall be understood to be included. Precast concrete Moulds for precast units shall be understood to be included.Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 and given under an appropriate heading alternatively, it may be described in the item. Floor slabs, partition slabs or the like shall be measured by area. . Lintels, sills, duct cove rs or the like shall be measured by length alternatively, duct covers may be measured by area. geomorphological units (for example, beams, stanchions, tunnel rings) shall be enumerated. Padstones, cappings or the like shall be enumerated. Prestressed concrete Prestressed concrete work shall be given under an appropriate heading.Prestressed concrete shall be measured by volume, classified in accordance with clause C2. Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 supporting steel wires or cables shall be measured by weight. Shuttering shall be measured in accordance with clause C4, stating whether to pre-tensioned or post-tensioned members. Sundries Surfaces finished to go or cross-falls shall be measured by area. Reinforcement (continued) Shuttering C4. 2 C4. 3 C4. 4 C4. 5 C4. 6 C4. 7 C4. 8 C5 C5. 1 C5. 2 Precast concrete C5. 3 C5. 4 C5. 5 C5. 6 C6 C6. 1 C6. 2 C6. 3 Prestressed concrete C6. 4 C7 C7. 1 Sundries 0 Sundries (continued) C7. 2 C7. 3 C7. 4 C7. 5 Surface f inishes shall be measured by area, except that tamped finishes shall be understood to be included. Expansion material or the like shall be measured by area. Designed joints, water stops, cast-in impart or the like shall be measured by length. Forming sinkings, channels or the like shall be measured by length and, where appropriate, the item may include additional excavation, hardcore, shuttering and concrete alternatively, they may be enumerated. Fixings, ties, inserts or the like shall be enumerated alternatively, they may be measured by area.Mortices, holes or the like shall be understood to be included. C7. 6 C7. 7 SECTION D MASONRY D1 Generally D1. 1 D1. 2 D2 Walls and piers D2. 1 Generally Sloping, battering and curved work shall each be so described. Reinforced masonry shall be so described. Walls and piers Walls and piers shall be measured by area, classified as follows 1. Walls integral piers shall be measured as walls of combined pier and wall thickness 2. Walls make agai nst other construction 3. Cavity walls measured as a abstruse item, including skins and cavity alternatively, the skins and cavity may each be measured by area.Closing cavity walls at ends or around openings shall be understood to be included 4. Isolated piers. Faced or evenhandedly confront work shall each be so described alternatively, it may be measured as extra over walls, stating whether face up or fair confront on one or both sides (that is, the area of faced or fair faced work shall be measured but no deduction shall be made from the area of walling on which the faced or fair faced work occurs). Sills, etc. Sills, copings, oversailing or pull away courses or the like shall be measured by length. Arches shall be measured by length.Reinforcement Reinforcement shall be measured in accordance with clause C3 alternatively, fabric reinforcement may be measured by length. Sundries Concrete filling to cavities shall be measured by area. Expansion joints or the like shall be measu red by length. Air bricks or the like shall be enumerated. D2. 2 D3 Sills, etc. D3. 1 D3. 2 D4 Reinforcement D4. 1 D5 Sundries D5. 1 D5. 2 D5. 3 SECTION E METALWORK E1 Generally E1. 1 Generally The weight of metalwork shall be the net weight, without addition for rolling margin or welding material and without deduction for holes, dislocate cuts, notches or the like.Welded, riveted or bolted work shall each be so described. Structural metalwork Unless otherwise stated, structural metalwork shall be measured by weight, classified as follows 1. Grillages 2. Beams 3. Stanchions E1. 2 E2 Structural metalwork E2. 1 11 4. 5. 6. 7. E2. 2 E2. 3 E2. 4 E2. 5 Portal frames, stating the number ceiling trusses, stating the number Support steelwork, which shall include sheeting rails, braces, struts or the like Other classifications, as may be appropriate. Structural metalwork (continued) Fittings (for example, caps, brackets) shall be given as an item.Fixings (for example, bolts, distance piec es, rivets) shall be given as an item. Wedging and grouting bases or the like shall be enumerated. Holding down bolts or the like shall be enumerated temporary boxes and grouting shall be understood to be included. Protective treatment shall be given as an item. Non-structural metalwork Floor plates, duct covers, sheet metal coverings and linings or the like shall be measured by area. Bearers, balustrades, handrails (except where included with a staircase), frames or the like shall be measured by length.Matwell frames, cat ladders, gates, staircases or the like shall be enumerated. Non-structural metalwork E2. 6 E3 E3. 1 E3. 2 E3. 3 SECTION F WOODWORK F1 F1. 1 Generally Timber which is sawn (that is, not milled) and timber which is finished (that is, milled) shall each be so described. Descriptions of timber members shall state whether the sizes are basic (that is, before machining) or finished (that is, milled, within permitted deviations). Structural timbers Structural timbers sh all be measured by length, classified as follows 1. Floors and compressed roofs 2.Pitched roofs 3. Walls 4. Kerbs, bearers or the like 5. Cleats, sprockets or the like. Strutting and bridging between joists shall be measured by length, taken overall the joists. Boarding and flooring Unless otherwise stated, embarkment and flooring shall be measured by area, without addition for joints or laps, classified as follows 1. Floors, which shall include landings 2. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and uncommitted columns 3. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases 4.Roofs, which shall include tops and cheeks of dormers and sides and bottoms of gutters, stating whether flat, sloping or vertical firring pieces and bearers shall be understood to be included. Eaves and verge boards, which shall include fascias, barge boards or the like, shall be measured by length. Fillets and rolls shall be measured by length. chiliad and battens Open-spaced cause and battens shall be measured by area, taken overall. Individual grounds and battens shall be measured by length. Framework Framework shall be measured by area, taken overall alternatively, it may be measured by length.Framework Grounds and battens Boarding and flooring Structural timbers Generally F1. 2 F2 F2. 1 F2. 2 F3 F3. 1 F3. 2 F3. 3 F4 F4. 1 F4. 2 F5 F5. 1 12 F6 Finishings and fittings F6. 1 Finishings and fittings Finishings shall be measured by length, classified as follows 1. Cover fillets, which shall include architraves, skirtings or the like 2. Beads, which shall include stops or the like 3. Edgings, which shall include window boards, nosings or the like. Unless otherwise stated, fittings shall be measured by length, classified as follows 1. Work tops, which shall include seating or the like 2. Handrails or balustrades.Shelving shall be measured by area alternatively, it may be measured by length. Backboards or the lik e shall be enumerated. Built-up members shall be so described. Plastic coverings or the like shall be described with the item on which they occur, stating whether on one or more faces alternatively, they may be measured separately by area. Sheet linings shall be measured by area, classified as follows 1. Walls, which shall include returns, reveals of openings or recesses and attached and unattached columns 2. Ceilings, which shall include attached and unattached beams and soffits of staircases. composite plant items Unless otherwise stated, composite items (which shall mean items which might be fabricated off-site whether or not they are fabricated off-site) shall be enumerated all metal work or the like shall be understood to be included. Any associated work (for example, decorations) shall be measured in accordance with the relevant sections of this document. Sundry items Finished surfaces on sawn items shall be measured by length. Metalwork Metalwork items associated with woodwor k shall be enumerated alternatively, waterbars or the like may be measured by length. Ironmongery Units or sets of ironmongery shall be enumerated.F6. 2 F6. 3 F6. 4 F6. 5 F6. 6 F6. 7 F7 Composite items F7. 1 F7. 2 F8 Sundry items F8. 1 F9 Metalwork F9. 1 F10 Ironmongery F10. 1 SECTION G THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION G1 Generally G1. 1 G1. 2 G2 Coverings and linings G2. l Generally Work shall be measured flat without addition for laps or seams. Curved, spherical and conical work shall each be so described. Coverings and linings Unless otherwise stated, roofing, tanking, waterproof coveri